Why NFL Stars Often Make Less Than Pretty Good MLB Players

Why NFL Stars Often Make Less Than Pretty Good MLB Players Why NFL Stars Often Make Less Than Pretty Good MLB Players Why NFL Stars Often Make Less Than Pretty Good MLB PlayersIf your retirement plan involves your kid becoming a millionaire sports star, you probably want them playing baseball or basketball, not football.With the World Series all wrapped up and the NBA in the early stretch of its season, it’s time for the world to fully turn its attention to football. And that’s assuming the world wasn’t already paying most of its attention to football anyway.Even with viewership dipping over the past few seasons, the NFL is still immensely popular. (Besides, NFL viewership is declining slower than viewership overall.) And then there are the numbers: the NFL saw a whopping 8.1 billion in league-wide revenue for the 2017 season. That’s an increase of 4.9 percent from the year prior! And once you account for local revenues on top of those league-wide numbers, total NFL revenue in 2017 topped $14 billion.Okay, we don’t need to convince you that the NFL is a) popular and b) making money hand ov er fist. But you’d think that with all this money coming in, NFL players would also be raking in the cash. And yet, they’re not. Compared to normal people, sure, but when compared to other elite athletes, their salaries are downright paltry.Outside of QBs, NFL salaries lag behind the MLB.Specifically, let’s look at the salaries in Major League Baseball versus the NFL. The average NFL salary for 2018 was $2.1 million. The average salary in the MLB, however, was $4.52 million, over twice as much!And while starting NFL quarterbacks who sign an extension past their rookie contract are very likely to be making more than $20 million a yearâ€"with the average salary rising every time a new contract is signedâ€"non-quarterbacks usually make far less. There are 16 quarterbacks making $20+ million this season, but only two non-quarterbacks with average annual salaries above $20 million: Khalil Mack of the Chicago Bears and Aaron Donald of the Los Angeles Rams.In the MLB meanwhile, a who pping 35 players had an average annual salary of $20 million or above in 2018. For reference, Chicago Cubs right fielder Jason Heyward had a higher average annual salary this season than Russell Wilson, Ben Roethlisberger, and Cam Newton. And Heywards 2018 salary was higher than any non-quarterback in the NFL who wasn’t Khalil Mack.And then there are the overall contracts themselves. The largest current contract in Major League Baseball is Giancarlo Stanton’s with the New York Yankees, a 13-year-deal worth $325 million dollars total. The largest contract in the NFL, meanwhile, is held by Atlanta Falcon’s quarterback Matt Ryan’s; it’s for five years and is worth $150 million.Now, Matt Ryan’s contract does come with a higher average annual salary than Stanton’s: $30 million to $25 million, but the total value of the contract is still less than halfâ€"and only $94.5 million of that money is actually guaranteed, while Stanton’s $325 million is all guaranteed. Even accoun ting for the full $150 million value, Ryan’s top NFL deal would only be the 23rd largest contract in the MLB.So what’s the deal? Ask any average person on the street and they’re likely to tell you that they care more about the NFL than they do the MLB. So why are baseball players raking in so much more dough?The NFL is making bank, but so is the MLB.Even if it often feels like Major League Baseball is less important culturally than it used to beâ€"with the NFL and the NBA rising to take its placeâ€"it’s not terribly likely that MLB owners are that worried. Salaries for baseball players up, in part, because baseball owners are making a lot of money.In 2017, MLB revenues cracked $10 billion for the first time, driven in large part by extremely lucrative media deals both league-wide and at the team level. Not only will national TV networks pay billions of dollars for the rights to air baseball games, but many teams have deals with local or regional networks as well that can net them hundreds of millions a year. Some, like the Yankees, even own stakes in those regional networks, making them even more profitable.And profit-sharing in the MLB means that all this money isn’t simply getting hoovered up by the league’s most popular teams. A full 31 percent of teams’ net local revenue is shared evenly between all 30 franchises. That means that when the Yankees do well, the Tampa Bay Rays also benefit. More money around the league means more teams willing to shell out big bucks for players.Of course, the NFL is also doing very well. As we mentioned previously, total revenue for the NFL topped $14 billion in 2017, with each team pocketing approximately $255 from league-wide revenues on top of their local earnings. Even with two more teams in their league, it would seem like the NFL franchises would have a lot more money to throw around than MLB teams.Here’s where the differences really begin.The MLB has fewer players and longer careers.This one is pretty o bvious. Major league baseball teams are allowed 25 players on their active roster, while NFL rosters total 53 players. Add in the fact that there are 32 NFL teams and only 30 MLB teams and the numbers add up. Using 25-man rosters, there are currently 750 major league baseball players. Meanwhile, there are 1,696 players in the NFL. That’s over twice as many!The disparity isn’t so great, however, if you take into account 40-man rosters for the MLB, which include players who are injured or who are on major league contracts but are currently playing in the minors. Accounting for 40-man rosters, the total number of MLB players is 1200, which is only 30 percent less than the number of players in the NFL.But it’s not just the number of players. Not by a long shot. In both leagues, rookies play on relatively cheap contracts, with the highest-paid players being the ones who are on the second or third deals. In the MLB, the average player has a career that’s 5.6 years long. In the NFL , the average player’s career is only 3.3 years.Not only are there fewer players in Major League Baseball, meaning they all get a bigger piece of the pie, but baseball players are much more likely to make it past the end of their rookie dealsâ€"when they can really start making the big bucks.MLB teams dont have a salary cap.This is a huge difference between the two leagues. The NFL has a hard salary cap, which means that no team can spend money on players above a certain dollar number each season. The MLB meanwhile does not have any salary cap, which means that the owners can spend as much as they like on their rosters.Since NFL players are guaranteed a certain percentage of league-wide revenue via their collective bargaining agreement, the salary cap is determined by total league revenue. For the 2018 season, the NFL salary cap is set at $177.2 million. Teams are also allowed to roll over unused cap space from year to year.The only limit that the MLB places on team spending is a luxury tax, which came in at $197 million for the 2018 season. Any dollar spent on salaries above that threshold incurs a penalty. These penalties increase the more you spend above the threshold, and they also increase for every consecutive year teams’ spend in the luxury tax. For more specifics, check out the MLB’s “competitive balance tax” glossary page.Not only does the MLB have fewer players than the NFL, but their teams can spend more money on those players before they run into issues. Six MLB teams in 2018 had payrolls above the NFL salary cap. And while teams aren’t required to spend all that money, they still can spend it if they want toâ€"whereas NFL teams aren’t even given the choice.Better unions guarantee more actual money.Here’s the funny thing: If you were to take the average MLB payroll in 2018 and compare it to the average amount that NFL teams spent against the 2018 salary cap, you’d see NFL teams spending much more on their players. The average MLB payroll was $139.1 million in 2018, while the average NFL team spent $144.4 million against the cap. So maybe this whole disparity really does amount to there being fewer MLB players?Except it doesn’t. Because salary cap numbers don’t tell the whole story. In fact, neither do NFL contracts. Remember earlier in this piece where we mentioned how only 94.5 million of Matt Ryan’s contract was guaranteed? Yeah, here’s the dirty little secret about NFL contracts: The only number that matters is the guaranteed money. Everything else is fairy dust.Contracts in the National Football League skew heavily towards the team’s advantage. After a couple of years, players can often be cut with minimal implications for the team’s salary cap. But in the MLB, players have far more leverage. A player who signs a 10-year, $250 million contract is almost certainly going to get all of that $250 million.The difference comes down to the players unions. The Major League Baseball Players Associatio n (MLBPA) has a long and storied history as a labor rights powerhouse. Under their first Executive Director, Marvin Miller, the MLBPA raised the league’s minimum salary from $19,000 to $326,00, established collective bargaining, and ushered in the era of free agencyâ€"the last of which is a major driver of player salaries in every sport.Are you surprised to the learn that the MLB doesnt have a salary cap? We wouldnt blame you. Out of the four primary American sports leagues (MLB, NFL, NBA, NHL), baseball is the only one without a salary cap. That’s how good the MLBPA is. If owners wanted to institute one, they’d be looking at a major work stoppage.The National Football League Players Association (NFLPA), on the other hand, has let their players down. The deal they struck with the NFL to end the 2011 lockout has been derided as a massive failure. In comparison to the NFLPA’s previous collective bargaining agreement (CBA), their current 10-year deal could be shifting as much a s $10 billion from players to owners by the time its done.Is an NFL lockout on the horizon?  If you’re looking for one reason above all others to explain why MLB players (and NBA players, for that matter) make so much more than their NFL counterparts, the strength of their unions is your answer. And don’t think NFL players haven’t noticed either. After their current CBA comes to an end in 2020, don’t be surprised if the 2021 season is delayed by a lockoutâ€"if it even happens at all.To learn more about the financial side of sports and pop culture, check out these related posts from OppLoans:Horror Films Cost Very Little to Make and They Make a LOT of Money10 Money Lessons From the Worst Contracts in NBA History5 Financial Facts About the Olympics That Might Surprise YouWhich Avenger Gives Marvel the Most Bang for Its Buck?How Student-Athlete Insurance Protects Financial FuturesWhat else do you want to know about the money side of sports? We want to hear from you! You can fin d us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.Visit OppLoans on  YouTube  |  Facebook  |  Twitter  |  LinkedIN

3 Family Road Trips You Cant Miss - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 608 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/02/15 Category Society Essay Level High school Topics: Family Essay Did you like this example? There are certain places that everybody has on their travel bucket list. Whether you love cities, the countryside or a little bit of magic, you can do it all with an RV. When you have a family, admittedly, travelling becomes a little different. When you have young children, you have to pack more, take more pitstops and make time for fun-filled excitement. With all that being said, RV road trips as a family are cost-effective, memorable and fun experiences that will allow you to see the world, creating memories together, with no restrictions. Below weve listed the top family road trips that are sure to be filled with memories for your family, and children of all ages. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "3 Family Road Trips You Cant Miss" essay for you Create order 1. San Francisco to Crater Lake Starting your trip in San Francisco, youre automatically off to a good start. This beautiful city has a little bit of everything in it, with lots of outdoor attractions—a perfect first stepping stone for children. Dont forget to check out the iconic Golden Gate Bridge. On your way to Crater Lake, make sure to visit Lassen Volcanic Park and Klamath Falls. These are filled with jaw-dropping views and will create amazing experiences. When you pull into Crater Lake, you will not be disappointed. In fact, pictures dont do it any justice. Everyone in the family will be completely stunned. Spend the day or the week at Crater Lake National Park enjoying the family-friendly activities like bike trails, water sports and fishing. This road trip is definitely one for the outdoor loving family. 2. Auckland to Rotorua Starting in New Zealands largest city and ending in aquatic heaven is a road trip with something for the whole family. Auckland is bursting with interesting places to visit and things to do. Get a real taste of big city life and admire all the modern architecture. Take a tiny detour on your way to Rotorua to stop at Waitomo. You just dont want to pass at a chance to witness the Waitomo Glowworm Caves. These will leave your family, no matter the age, completely enchanted. Head towards Matamata and try to find some hobbits. This is must-see for all the Lord of the Rings fans out there. Youll actually be able to see Bilbos house and the Green Dragon Inn. Finally, reach your destination at Rotorua. The magic doesnt end. Explore Whakarewarewa Forest or, if youre not really up for mountain biking, visit Rainbow Springs, the cute conservation park where you can see endangered species all for yourself. This will be a truly magical road trip. 3. Pisa to Rome Ah, Italy, a country filled with culture, history and amazing scenery. What more could you need for an amazing road trip? Starting in Pisa, make sure to see the leaning tower (and capture one of the classic photos with it). Torre Pendente Camping Village is nestled between the leaning tower and San Rossore Park, providing ample excitement for everyone. From there we suggest making stops at Florence, Siena and Orvieto. All three of these cities will fill you with so much culture and knowledge (and maybe pasta). Finally, make your way to Rome. Park at one of the resort-like camping villages and take trips to the Colosseum, Ancient Forum and perhaps the Vatican City, returning for a soak in the pool at the end of the day. This is a road trip jam-packed with tourist attractions, culture and great food. Just remember the saying, its not the destination, its the journey. No matter how amazing Crater Lake, the Colosseum or Bilbos house was to see, youll always remember your RV road trip and the fun you had with your family.

Into The Wild By Jon Krakauer - 1128 Words

Into the Wild Jon Krakauer’s compelling novel, â€Å"Into the Wild† is a true story about Christopher McCandless’ search for identity. McCandless was enamored in the idea of escaping a life that revolves around material possessions. The non-fiction treatment of this young life illustrates through the rebuilding of events in McCandless’ life the idea that McCandless seemed obsessed with how people appeared blind to the fact that they were living unhappy lives yet were terrified of giving up that life because it was safe, provided security and stability. However, for McCandless, nothing was more dangerous to the free spirit within him than that safe secure future. Krakauer with an eye to journalistic detail describes McCandless’ journey using†¦show more content†¦For example, a few months before he embarked on his journey his parents offered him a new car. McCandless not only refused the car but was furious that his parents had even offered to give something like this to him in the first place because he already had a car that ran like a champ, which was a yellow 1982 Datsun B210 with over two hundred thousand miles on it, and anything more luxurious than that would be an unnecessary material item or as he called it, just a thing, it was a good thing he refused that new car because that Datsun without a doubt aided him on his search for identity. Most people have a search for self-identity and the meaning of life but McCandless took it to the extreme. He was so wrapped up in finding himself and his identity that he felt the only way to do just that was to burn all of his money, leave his car in the dessert, and travel all around the country in search of a better place, where the people didn’t place all of their value in material possessions and statuses. Chris even created a fake identity for himself while on his search to find his real one, everyone he met on his journey knew him as Alexander Supertramp as th is is the name he chose for himself on his â€Å"great Alaskan adventure†. He traveled all over the US and even ended up in Mexico for a couple months but he knew all along that the ultimate destination was the Alaskan wilderness where there was no one because he knew that he

Social Class - Jane Eyre/Pride and Prejudice - 1761 Words

Examine the use of the theme of social class in ‘Jane Eyre’ and how this is illuminated by your reading of ‘Pride and Prejudice’ by Jane Austen. The novel ‘Jane Eyre’ highlights the idea of social class and the position of women in society. It tells the story of how protagonist Jane progresses through different social classes in life, beginning as the low position of an orphan and ending in the higher position of being both wealthy and married. Charlotte Bronte’s own social background was that of being relatively middle class as she was the daughter of a clergyman, which may have impacted on Jane’s attitude towards the ranks of society: it is shown at many points in the novel that social classes are unfair and prejudiced. Austen†¦show more content†¦She rebels against the opinions society has tried to enforce, desiring more, showing early feminist views. Becoming a governess in a stately manor home does little for Jane’s social standing. Though she now has a respectable job and behaves exactly as a lady should, for this was a key part of being a governess, she is treated appallingly by people who are in a ‘better’ class, such as Miss Ingram. Miss Ingram is continually rude to Jane, at one point calling her a ‘creeping creature’ which shows how she considers Jane to be a lesser-being due to her class. By using the word ‘creature’ it is implied that she is amongst the same class as animals: the word ‘creeping’ attaches connotations of Jane being sly and untrustworthy. When this is said, Jane does not say anything in return which implies that she, too, believes she is a lesser-being. This is also replicated by the use of Jane continually referring to Mr Rochester being at ‘Miss Ingram’s side’. Clearly, Jane believes that Miss Ingram has a better social standing and therefore she is more suited to Mr Rochester, another point that is repeated throughout the novel. Just like Miss Ingram, Austen wrote the character of Lady Catherine de Bourgh who possesses great wealth and social superiority. It i s said that Lady Catherine ‘likes to have the distinction of rank preserved’. Through this quote we can see howShow MoreRelatedPride And Prejudice And Jane Eyre1681 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: Jane Austen and Charlotte Bronte explore social class in a number of different ways throughout their novels Pride and the Prejudice and Jane Eyre. They do this through the use of stylistic devices which in turn appeals to their different audiences. Both Jane and Charlotte are notable writers for their remarkable texts. Jane Austen is known for playing a revolutionary role in the generation of English female literature, which was counteracted by this piece- and Charlotte Bronte alsoRead MoreJane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte1124 Words   |  5 PagesJane Eyre and Pride and Prejudice were written in consecutive literary eras. 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Both Jane and CharlotteRead MoreSocial Classes In Pride And Prejudice And Jane Eyre1605 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: In both texts; Jane Austen and Charlotte Bronte explore social class in a number of ways. They do this through the use of their stylistic devices and this in turn appeals to their different audiences. Both Jane and Charlotte are notable writers for their remarkable texts. Jane Austen is known for playing a revolutionary role in the generation of English female literature, which was counteracted by this piece- and Charlotte Bronte further developed her feminist thoughts, which haveRead MoreJane Austen And Charlotte Bronte s Social Class1748 Words   |  7 PagesIn both texts, both authors; Jane Austen and Charlotte Bronte explore social class in a number of ways. They do this through the use of their stylistic devices and this in turn appeals to their different audiences. Both Jane and Charlotte are notable writers for their remarkable texts. 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When applying Marxist criticism how they are treated, whereRead MoreComparison Of Jane Eyre And Pride And Prejudice 2081 Words   |  9 Pages10/30/2017 Compare and Contrast the Social Caste System and Personal Ideations in the books â€Å"Jane Eyre† by Emily Bronte and â€Å"Pride and Prejudice† by Jane Austin Two names that ran the gauntlet of 19th century romance and changed the way on how it was written and depicted forever. These two history changing authors names were Jane Austen and Emily Bronte. Two well-known novels of the 19th century (â€Å"Jane Eyre† by Emily Bronte and â€Å"Pride and Prejudice† by Jane Austin) both have similarities, but alsoRead MoreFeminist Criticism Of Pride And Prejudice1220 Words   |  5 PagesA Truth Universally Acknowledged. A truth that should be universally acknowledged is that Pride and Prejudice is one of the best works of fiction in its category. 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Most prevalently of the themes in these novels is social classRead More Pride and Prejudice and Jane Eyre: Love and Characterization2663 Words   |  11 Pagesmean the people involved love each other any less. There are countless novels that focus on the love between characters, and each character loves differently. In Jane Eyre, Mr. Rochester and Jane have an impassioned affair, this affair is cut short by Jane’s realization that Mr.Rochester already has ties to another woman. In Pride and Prejudice, it is clear that Elizabeth Bennet and Fitzwilliam Darcy love each other very deeply, as Mr. Darcy is able to overcome his doubts about Elizabeth’s family, and

Panofskys Views On Van Eyck Essay Example For Students

Panofskys Views On Van Eyck Essay Panofskys purpose in writing this article was to identify a painting discovered in Brussels in 1815 (referred to as the London portrait) as the portrait of Geovanni Arnolfimi and his wife Jeanne de Cename, painted in 1434. Panofsky uses historical documentation and iconography to prove his point. Because a paintings value can be enhanced by its historical significance, it is important to discover its background. Identifying a painting from several centuries ago is not easy. Because there is no photocopy available, we must depend on physical descriptions provided by others for recognition. Only paintings possessed by rich or historically significant people would be described in inventories or letters saved over hundreds of years. Wars often brought destruction and chaos, destroying historical documentation. Panofsky traces the provenance of this picture to provide a logical argument that the London portrait could be the Arnolfimi painting. He carefully documents the historical journey of the Arnolfimi painting, providing a continuous list of ownership from Don Diego de Guevara of Spain in the 1500s to Charles III in 1789. This careful documentation is to prove that the Amolfimi painting was still listed as being in Madrid in 1789. The timing of its disappearance and the subsequent discovery of the London portrait in Brussels in 1815 could easily be attributed to the chaos caused by Napoleons conquering of Spain during the lost time period. Since written documentation is often used as proof of historical happenings, it is very important that the content be interpreted correctly, within its historical context. Because a language translation can easily twist the contents meaning, scholars usually provide a quote in the language of its origin. In Panofskys era, most research scholars were f luent in German, French, and Latin. Today fluency in English is also essential. Because the Art History discipline addresses a wide variety of objects from all over the world, and from all known times, misinterpretations caused by language translation can be a critical problem. As a student of Art History, I am depending on the authors interpretation of the quotes documentation. I dont have to understand the non-English text because the foreign quotes are explained in the context of the article. Foreign quotes are provided as just additional proof to the arguments presented by the author. Artists frequently use symbols to present an idea or concept to the audience. An icon is an image whose association with a particular meaning is wide accepted. This symbol can convey emotions associated with its meaning, to have symbolized a particular meaning. Iconography provides a description of icons used throughout history. Iconology, the study of iconography, can provide us with a better understanding of an art object by providing its historical context. Panofsky points out that the writings of Varnewyck and Vermander are unreliable. Vermander was trying to describe a painting he had never seen, depending on Varnewycks written accounts as his only source. Panofsky points out that Vermander not only had just hearsay evidence, but also twisted the meaning of those written accounts in his attempt to interpret them. Actually the first error Vermander committed was using Varnewyck as a source to begin with. Varnewyck had also never seen the picture, and had used an unknown source fo r his writing. Establishing a source as reliable and supported by other evidence is very important for an art historian. Before the Council of Trent was held in 1583, the rule regarding matrimony dictated only that two people accept each other to form a legal marriage. The Council of Trent added the stulation that 2 witnesses and a priest were also required. This distinction is important because the Van Eyck painting represented a marriage, and only two people are in it. Because the marriage occurred before 1583, this was allowable. .u608223e270957ffb69591a6d87beb09d , .u608223e270957ffb69591a6d87beb09d .postImageUrl , .u608223e270957ffb69591a6d87beb09d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u608223e270957ffb69591a6d87beb09d , .u608223e270957ffb69591a6d87beb09d:hover , .u608223e270957ffb69591a6d87beb09d:visited , .u608223e270957ffb69591a6d87beb09d:active { border:0!important; } .u608223e270957ffb69591a6d87beb09d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u608223e270957ffb69591a6d87beb09d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u608223e270957ffb69591a6d87beb09d:active , .u608223e270957ffb69591a6d87beb09d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u608223e270957ffb69591a6d87beb09d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u608223e270957ffb69591a6d87beb09d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u608223e270957ffb69591a6d87beb09d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u608223e270957ffb69591a6d87beb09d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u608223e270957ffb69591a6d87beb09d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u608223e270957ffb69591a6d87beb09d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u608223e270957ffb69591a6d87beb09d .u608223e270957ffb69591a6d87beb09d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u608223e270957ffb69591a6d87beb09d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Tim O'Brien's The Things They Carried: The Man Underneath the Helmet EssayPanofsky uses the anecdote about Willibald Pirckheimers mother to support his argument an undocumented wedding could lead to misunderstanding and problems. He talks about how Willibald Pirckheimers mother was secretly married to Sigmund Stromer, but was able to abandon him for another man because the marriage or joining of hands had been done in secret. 1 Pirckheimer, a wealthy citizen of Nuremberg, was a German humanist and book collector. He often made his library available to scholars and his house a literary and artistic center. It was Pirckheimers great collection that fascinated Panofsky and he was able to study about Pirckheimers life. The London portrait has the inscription Johannes de Eyck fuit hic. 1434 which is Latin for Jon van Eyck has been here. This inscription had been misinterpreted as This was Jan van Eyck, meaning that the portrait contained the figures of Van Eyck and his wife. Since Van Eycks child was baptized in June, 1434, he was probably married in 1433 at the latest. Also this inscription is used to make this painting an actual marriage document, with the artist as the signing witness. Capturing two people standing side by side, portrayed full length in a richly furnished room was not commonly done by 15th century artists. The allusion to Holbeins Ambassadors was to compare the content of it to Van Eycks painting. The marriage of David and Michal also shows two people standing side by side, but had the brides father and his courtier in it as well. All of the scenes represent a ceremony-taking place without a priest, and signified by the joining of hands. The author uses these allusions to show that two people standing next to each other, joining hands was a common icon representing a marriage ceremony. Some symbols have been designed to represent a particular ritual or object. For instance, a crown represents royalty, and can be used to convey the same attributes. Van Eyck used commonly found object such as furnishings and room ornaments as symbols. In this painting he uses these symbols to reinforce the matrimonial theme. The single candle in the chandelier is used as a symbol of the marriage candle given to the bride by the groom. The scene-taking place in a bedroom instead of a sitting room suggests a Nuptial Chamber. This work is important historically because it tells us so much about the people and rituals of its time. Also Van Eyck presents us with an art object that symbolizes matrimonial fidelity and religious faith in a simple, but original way. His use of such materials as brass, velvet, wood and fur not only make the background more realistic, but also are used as symbols to reinforce the paintings theme. Panofsky carefully examined and explained the validity of his sources, document events by tracing their chronological sequence, and used carefully constructed evidence to destroy his opponents (i.e., Vermander, Varnewyck etc.) arguments. Bibliography1. Found at www.encyclopedia.comArts and Painting

A basic income grant for Namibia Essays

A basic income grant for Namibia Essays A basic income grant for Namibia Essay A basic income grant for Namibia Essay Introduction Nowadays, many people involved in the development discourse agree that the overcoming of poorness is the most important factor of development and that the growing of a state s economic system entirely is non sufficient to increase the wellbeing of the hapless frequently it has even worsen their state of affairs ( Kingsbury et al. , 2008, pp.27-28, 152 ) . However, there is no consensus on how to turn to this multidimensional job and create permanent alteration. This essay focuses on the challenge of poorness, unemployment and income inequality in Namibia the state with the most unequal distribution of income in the universe. The biennial Basic Income Grant ( BIG ) pilot undertaking in the Otjivero-Omitara country that has started in January 2008 aims to turn to these jobs by redistributing money from the rich to the hapless. It is based on the thought that everybody should unconditionally have a monthly basic income. The end of the BIG pilot undertaking which is the first cosmopolitan cash-transfer pilot undertaking in the universe ( Haarmann et al. , 2009, p.13 ) is to carry the Namibian authorities to implement a BIG in whole Namibia. Even if poorness is today frequently seen as cardinal factor which has to be addressed by development attacks and most would hold that development means bettering the life conditions of society , there has been and there are assorted sentiments of how this betterment should look like and how it can be achieved ( Melkote and Steeves, 2001, p.34 ) . In scholarship and pattern, one can place three chief watercourses of positions on development: modernization or the dominant paradigm of development, critical positions, and release positions ( ibid. ) . The different implicit in thoughts and constructs of development of these positions are explained in the undermentioned literature reappraisal of this essay. In the position study, the development state of affairs in Namibia and the BIG thought together with the associated pilot undertaking are described. The construct of authorization that emerged in the range of the critical attacks and release positions can be seen as the model of the BIG undertaking. The underlying thoughts, the strengths in turn toing poorness and permanent development every bit good as the challenges and unfavorable judgment of the undertaking are discussed in the treatment portion. Reasoning the analysis, actions for a successful execution of the BIG in whole Namibia are recommended. Literature Review The paradigm of modernization that emerged in the 1940s strongly determined the theory and pattern of development until the sixtiess ( Melkote A ; Steeves, 2001, pp.71-72 ; Mowlana A ; Wilson, 1990, p.13 ) . Theories and constructs that recapitulated the development of West European and North American states were used to bring forth theoretical accounts of development for the Third World ( Melkote A ; Steeves, 2001, p.100 ) . Roger names four cardinal elements of this so called dominant paradigm: economic growing via industrialization, capital-intensive engineering and associated the quantitative empirical scientific method, centralised planning every bit good as the belief that underdevelopment is caused by jobs within developing states ( 1976, p.49 ) . The paradigm is based on neo-classical economic theory but besides on societal evolutionary theory Darwin s evolutionary construct applied to societal alteration ( Melkote A ; Steeves, 2001, pp.74-75 ) . There were and are, for illustration, a assortment of bipolar theories of modernization that describe ideal-typical beginning and stop points of development. The states in the Third World were seen as traditional societies while Western states were described as modern and hence holding already achieved the highest phase of development ( Greig, Hulme A ; Turner, 2007, p.80 ; Melkote A ; Steeves, 2001, pp.81, 100 ) . A outstanding illustration of a unilinear modernization theoretical account that emphasises evolutionary alteration is Rostow s five-stage theoretical account of economic growing ( Melkote A ; Steeves, 2001, p.84 ; Servaes, 1999, p. 21 ) . Modernization theories that focused alternatively on evolutionary alteration at the micro degree stated that is is indispensable f or the modernization procedure that persons change their values and attitudes to run into the features of people in the already modernised West ( Melkote A ; Steeves, 2001, pp.86-88 ) . The procedures and constructions of development under the dominant paradigm reshaped the world of people in the Third World ( Melkote A ; Steeves, 2001, p.92 ) . Melkote and Steeves note that an scrutiny of modernisation discourse from the beginning reveals the end of replacing non-Western ideological, cultural, and even linguistic communication systems, with Western systems ( 2001, p.92 ; see besides Kingsbury et al. , 2008, p.52 ) . In add-on, Western states gained more and more control over the people in the Third World through their institutional intercessions ( Melkote A ; Steeves, 2001, p.93 ) . Since the 1960s the development construct within the range of the dominant paradigm has been more and more challenged ( Kingsbury et al. , 2008, p.51 ) . The review refers to several aspects and effects of the paradigm many of it challenges the focal point on a state s economic growing ( Melkote A ; Steeves, 2001, pp.19, 158 ) . The assorted negative effects of the dominant paradigm show that measures like the GDP of a state can non state a batch about the state of affairs of the people. Even though many developing states experienced impressive economic growing until the sixtiess, the modernization theoretical account lead to increased rates of unemployment, poorness and inequality in political, societal and economic regard every bit good as in respect to the distribution of power ( Kingsbury et al. , 2008, p.27-28 ; Melkote A ; Steeves, 2001, pp.158-162 ) . The observation of the failure of the dominant paradigm s trickle-down thought lead to the outgrowth of the basic needs attack in the early 1970s ( Melkote A ; Steeves, 2001, p.166 ) . The purpose of this attack is to extinguish some of the worst facets of poorness by paying attending to the quality of life of persons at the underside of the socio-economic ladder alternatively of underscoring economic indexs as within the dominant paradigm ( ibid. , pp.158, 166 ) . There have been many attempts to specify basic demands ( Kingsbury et al. , 2008, p.32 ) . Paul Streeten ( 1979, p. 48, quoted in Melkote A ; Steeves, 2001, p.167 ) identified seven aims of the basic needs attack that include basic human demands and rights: nutrient and imbibing H2O, shelter, instruction, security of support, conveyance, engagement in decision-making every bit good as self-respect and dignity. After a decennary of repudiation of the accent on basic demands, the attending to this attack returned in the 1990s. In this clip, a presents still really influential step of the wellbeing of people the Human Development Index ( HDI ) of the UNDP was introduced ( Kingsbury et al. , 2008, pp.32-33 ) . Melkote and Steeves province that the basic needs attack has no opportunity to hold a existent consequence on development every bit long as the power lies with the advocates of the neo-classical attack: Considerations of national and planetary security and economic sciences will ever take precedence ( 2001, p.169 ) . Critics have argued moreover that the existent purpose of advocates of the basic demands attack was to maintain people disempowered while merely feeding them better ( ibid. , p.168 ) . These concerns about planetary power instabilities are expressed, for illustration, by dependence theory and world-systems theory ( ibid. , p.158 ) . Melkote A ; Steeves summarise the new ends that alternative attacks to development reference: equity in distribution of development benefits, engagement of all community members, independency of communities or states and integrating of old and new thoughts ( 2001, p.199 ) . The 3rd watercourse of positions on development the release perspectives differs from the others since the focal point is religious and non economic ( Melkote A ; Steeves, 2001, pp.35 ) . Spirituality and faith rarely play a function in mainstream development scholarship or pattern and faiths particularly others than Christianity are instead seen as barriers to development ( ibid. , pp.273-274 ) . However, within every major faith there can be found a type of divinity that supports development as a procedure of release from unfairness, favoritism, and subjugation ( ibid. , p.275, 293 ) . This release divinity, the chief footing for release positions, province that the purposes of development in this attack authorization and autonomy can merely be achieved through personal and communal release from subjugation ( ibid. , p.35 ) . The implicit in premises are that all people pursue freedom and autonomy and have the internal capacity to develop themselves on their ain footing s but internal and external signifiers of subjugation restrict their ability to make so ( ibid. , p.35, 294 ) . Crucial to liberation divinity is that religious pattern and societal activism together with and on behalf of laden people belong together ( ibid. , p.294 ) . Although big Western authoritiess and corporations are seen as a major subjugation beginnings, advocates of release positions are non automatically oppositions of modernization. Alternatively, the basic premiss is that persons must be free to take ( Melkote A ; Steeves, 2001, p.35 ) . A bottom-up theoretical account that incorporates premises of the release perspectives is the participatory theoretical account for development. The thought behind this attack is the engagement of people of all degrees of society ( Melkote A ; Steeves, 2001, p.327-338 ) . Peoples at the grassroots have to comprehend their demands and jobs themselves and so place solutions this happens through conscientization what includes corporate action. Though the participatory theoretical account has been comparatively popular in the last decennaries, many development undertakings have stayed far off from true engagement by maintaining the pick for the right solutions and other power issues at the degree of national or international elites ( Melkote A ; Steeves, 2001, p.338-339 ) . The three watercourses of positions within the development discourse that were discussed in the preceding paragraphs are non thorough and they besides overlap. A construct of development that includes elements of the critical positions and release positions is empowerment ( Melkote A ; Steeves, 2001, p.35-36 ) . The World Bank defines authorization as the procedure of increasing the assets and capablenesss of persons or groups to do purposive picks and to transform those picks into coveted actions and results. Empowered people have freedom of pick and action. This in bend enables them to better act upon the class of their lives and the determinations which affect them ( 2009a ) . Melkote and Steeves besides concentrate on the corporate degree of authorization and argue for this construct of development because sustainable alteration is non possible unless we deal with this important job in human societies: deficiency of economic and societal power among persons at the grassroots the oppressive societal, political, and economic constructions in Third World states are seen as the obstructions for development ( 2001, p.356 ) . Though there are several cautions that are discussed in the treatment portion of this essay, Melkote and Steeves see the authorization construct as the lone manner for true development ( 2001, pp.364-365 ) . Status Report The Republic of Namibia lies in the south-west of the African continent. With 2.11 million occupants in 2008 and a surface country of over 824,000 square kilometers, it is sparsely populated ( The World Bank TWB ] , 2009b ) . The bulk of the Namibians still live in rural countries while the urban population counts merely for 36 per cent ( TWB, 2008 ) . In 2008, the state had a GDP of US $ 8.56 billion ( TWB, 2009b ) and it has compared to neighbor states a comparatively high per capita income ( International Monetary Fund [ IMF ] , 2009, pp.5-6 ) . The economic system as a whole has shown a solid growing public presentation in recent old ages due to the booming mineral sector ( IMF, 2009, pp.5-6 ) . But the big portion of unemployed occupants about 35 per cent reveals the cardinal job of inequality in Namibian society ( ibid. ) . With a Gini value of 74.3, Namibia is regarded as the state with the most unequal distribution of income in the universe. The absolute monthly income of the richest 20 per centum of the population is 56.1 times higher than the income of the poorest 20 per centum ( UNDP, 2008b ) . Harmonizing to the national poorness line, 13.8 per cent of the people are badly hapless ( Haarmann et al. , 2009, pp.48-49 ) . With a HDI of 0.650, Namibia ranges in the bottom 3rd ( rank of 125th ) of 177 states when it comes to human wellbeing ( UNDP, 2008a ) . Using the weight for age criterion of the World Health Organization, 18 per cent of the kids under age 5 were undernourished in 2007. Merely 77 per cent of the kids in the relevant age group completed primary school in 2007. Another challenge is that the HIV rate is high in Namibia: 15.3 per cent of the population ages 15-49 are infected by the virus ( TWB, 2009b ) . In 2004, the so called Namibian Basic Income Grant Coalition ( BIG Coalition ) was established to recommend the debut of a countrywide monthly basic income grant ( BIG ) to turn to these jobs ( Haarmann et al. , 2009, p.13 ) . The Namibian Government s Tax Commission had recommended in 2002 a cosmopolitan grant that should be financed out of a progressive outgo revenue enhancement on the flush ( ibid. , p.18 ) . Following this recommendation, the BIG Coalition developed a proposal for a BIG in Namibia: A monthly hard currency grant of non less than 100 Namibian dollars ( what presently equals 15.64 Australian dollars ) should be paid unconditionally to every Namibian citizen adult females, work forces and kids as a citizen s right until she or he reaches the age of 60. When turning 60, Namibians become eligible for the already bing and well higher cosmopolitan authorities pension ( ibid. , pp.18-19 ; Kameeta et al. , 2007, p.23 ) . The BIG Coalition argues that the net costs of between N $ 1.2 and 1.6 billion per twelvemonth which are tantamount to 2.2 to 3 per cent of the current Namibian GDP are low-cost for the Namibian province as there is extra capacity to raise revenue enhancement gross significantly . Options to finance a BIG include a moderate accommodation of VAT combined with an addition in income revenue enhancements and a re-prioritisation of the national budget and the debut of a particular levy on natural resources ( Haarmann et al. , 2009, p.16 ) . The cardinal consequence that is expected from the BIG is that it promotes employment and nice work on a big graduated table in Namibia ( Kameeta et al. , 2007, p.25 ) . This would be achieved by the BIG by supplying a certain degree of income security that would control low mass poorness and interrupt the destructive circle of the survival economic system . The 2nd chief characteristic is that fiscal resources would be redistributed to the bulk of people where they are most effectual to further both investing and demand ( ibid. , pp.25-26 ) . The advocates of the undertaking note that several significant governmental steps are to boot needed as the BIG entirely can non be the solution for the job of mass unemployment ( ibid. , p.26 ) . The BIG Coalition decided in 2007 to implement a pilot undertaking in the highly hapless Otjivero-Omitara country ( Haarmann et al. , 2009, p.49 ) to turn out the positive effects of a BIG and travel the policy argument forward ( ibid. , p.19 ) . After the enrollment of the 930 under-60-year-old occupants of the country and the elevation of financess for a undertaking continuance of two old ages, the pilot undertaking has started in January 2008. The pay-out is managed by the Namibian Post Office where every occupant of the undertaking country has a savings history into which the grant is paid monthly ( ibid. , pp.19-23 ) . The advocates of the income grant province that the debut of the BIG will be a important measure towards poorness relief, employment creative activity and the decrease of inequality in Namibia ( Kameeta et al. , 2007, p.26 ) . In fact, harmonizing to the one-year-report of the pilot undertaking, assorted developmental effects have been achieved since the execution of the BIG in the undertaking country: family poorness dropped significantly, economic activity increased particularly through the starting of little concerns and the creative activity of a local market through the new purchasing power of the people, child malnutrition was reduced, regular school attending and clinic visits increased chiefly because of the ability to pay the fees, offense was significantly reduced and HIV positive occupants could afford nutrious nutrient that is indispensable to profit to the full from anti-retroviral intervention every bit good as wage for the conveyance to acquire the medicine ( Haarm ann et al. , 2009, p.14-16, 60 ) . Discussion The BIG Coalition sees the BIG non merely as a basic needs attack but as a agency of authorization. The BIG helps the hapless to fulfill basic demands like feeding, imbibing, holding nice shelter and directing their kids to school ( Streeten, 1979, p.48, quoted in Melkote A ; Steeves, 2001, p.167 ) but it intends to accomplish even more than that. The advocates province that the BIG is non a public assistance programme but an empowerment programme for economic activity ( Kameeta et al. , 2007, p.23 ) . Kameeta et Al. argue in their BIG undertaking presentation for the United Nations in line with the thoughts of the empowerment construct of Melkote and Steeves that was explained before in this essay: Poverty is caused by an unfair economic order that prevents them [ the hapless ] from doing a life in a dignified manner. A solution must therefore turn to the structural unfairnesss, which perpetuate the ever-increasing unemployment and poorness rates ( 2007, p.12 ) . As the BIG wou ld ease a redistribution of income from the rich to the hapless, it would take to more justness in the distribution of the wagess of economic growing that Namibia so experienced since independency ( Kameeta et al. , 2007, p.20 ) . That the battle of many Namibians to run into basic demands prevents development is noted strikingly by Kameeta et Al. : The hapless have to pass hours procuring their endurance for the following twenty-four hours by roll uping H2O and firewood and seeking to obtain some nutrient. These day-to-day endurance struggles absorb clip, labor and other resources, which otherwise could be used for productive economic intents ( 2007, p.8 ) . In advanced states the province normally guarantees some sort of societal safety cyberspace but as this is missing in many developing states it is irrational for people to prosecute in advanced, achievement-oriented and profit-maximising behaviour ( Melkote A ; Steeves, 2001, p.166 ) . The abandoning of the survival economic system furthers the chances of the hapless to prosecute in work either by get downing an ain concern or seeking other employment. Criticism of the BIG construct chiefly takes topographic point on an ideological degree and reminds of the position of the dominant paradigm: The two nucleus beliefs are that a hard currency transportation is bad for people because it gives them rights without duty and that hapless people are non capable of passing the money sagely ( Haarmann et al. , 2009, p.39 ) . Melkote and Steeves confirm that while expressed theories of single lower status are no longer promoted, the discourse of development frequently reveals ethnocentric and patriarchal beliefs about the disempowered position of people in general or subgroups in developing states ( 2001, p.90 ) . The BIG Coalition states that the consequences of the pilot undertaking prove that the ideological reserves which critics like many affluent white husbandmans have ( Krahe, 2009, pp.48-49 ) are baseless. The people in the undertaking country have in fact made rational disbursement determinations to better their lives ( Haarmann et al. , 2009, p.40 ) . Furthermore the BIG Coalition argues that the unconditioned payments do non intend giving something for nil but lead to immense single and societal benefits through giving people the chance to go autonomous and act dignified and responsible ( ibid. , pp.39-42 ) . Simply the ownership of small economic power helps people to recover their human self-respect, for illustration because they do non hold to implore for nutrient any more ( Haarmann et al. , 2009, p.41 ) . This procedure is furthered by the unconditioned payment of the BIG. The receiving systems of the BIG have the pick to make up ones mind how to put their money and are responsible for their actions, they have the power to make what seems sensible for them. This would be non the instance if nutrient casts would be provided or the school fees for their kids would be paid from person else than themselves ( ibid. ) . The statement that a BIG would make dependence is contrary to the basic premise of release position which is important to the authorization construct: It is necessary to swear in the laden and in their ability to ground ( Freire, 1996, p.564 ) . As the experience in the pilot undertaking shows, the people use the BIG as a platform for ain actions and do non trust on the r egular payment entirely. Krahe points out that the system of little loans in developing states besides shows that hapless people frequently win in going financially independent in this instance through self-employment if they merely acquire entree to money ( 2009, p.52 ) . The BIG has promoted in the pilot undertaking community besides empowerment through engagement. The people themselves established an 18-member BIG commission to call up the community. The commission elected people who advise others to do the best usage of their Large payments ( Haarmann et al. , 2009, p.14 ) . The members besides addressed the job of intoxicant maltreatment and persuaded shebeen proprietors non to open on the BIG pay-out yearss ( ibid. , pp.38-39 ) . This suggests that the debut of a BIG can efficaciously help with community mobilization and authorization ( ibid. , p.14 ) . Peoples know best the jobs of their community and can make solutions in Otjivero-Omitara, the BIG ignited hope and motivated people to take part in their ain development ( ibid. , p.37 ) . A participatory communicating theoretical account is seen as cardinal for authorization ( Cadiz, 2005 ; Melkote A ; Steeves, 2001, p.166 ) . It would travel beyond the range of this essay to analyze the BIG proposal in such inside informations as discoursing for illustration the appropriate hight of the monthly grant and the best manner to finance it. As noted in the position study, the pilot undertaking shows many positive consequences in turn toing poorness, unemployment and other jobs. The BIG is besides a manner to decrease the economic inequality in a state in which merely a certain portion of people used to profit from economic growing. After analyzing the underlying construct of authorization, one can state that the BIG appears to be a really fruitful construct of development as it is a existent means to authorise people. However, it can merely be one of assorted stairss to derive full authorization of the people. Melkote and Steeves emphasise moreover that there are several cautions to empowerment: it is a long-run, labor-intensive procedure that evolves through pattern in which development support professionals a re merely facilitators ( 2001, pp.364-365 ) . In any instance, extra steps and procedures are needed to attach to the execution of a BIG in Namibia it is understood that the debut of a basic income can non stand entirely ( Hornemann Moller A ; Lind, 1999, p.186 ) . As the BIG Coalition itself states, governmental steps to turn to the mass employment are among others important to make positions and ease the long-run success of a basic income. Essential for farther authorization would be moreover that people at the grassroots organise themselves to back up other people in how to put the BIG money, detect and reference potentially approaching troubles and acquire involved with the betterment of life in their community beyond the basic income ( Melkote A ; Steeves, 2001, p.166, 366 ) . The constitution of a community commission within the BIG pilot undertaking is a good illustration for engagement. From the political side there should be attempts to listen to what the people at the grassroots have to state and what measures the y consider as reasonable for their particular community ( Servaes, 1999, pp.277, 279 ) . However, participatory communicating faces many obstructions and its success depends on several conditions it is nil that can be established easy over dark ( Cadiz, 2005, pp. 156-158 ; Servaes, 1999, pp.196-204, 277 ) . At the current degree of treatment, the argument about a BIG for Namibia is non yet concerned with such of import inside informations of the BIG debut, it is still a general and chiefly ideological one. Can you swear hapless people? Can you allow them make up ones mind what to make with the money they get? The authorization construct approves that and goes even farther by saying that to trust on the self-responsibility of the people, to authorise them to allow them make their ain hereafter is the lone manner to derive sustained development. Surely, there will ever be people who are non willing to take part in community development and maltreatment governmental payments but as the experience from the BIG pilot undertaking shows, this is the minority. A basic income grant can be a first measure towards the end of get the better ofing poorness and increasing the wellbeing of people through authorization. The thought of a basic income already has a long history, its roots stretch back to the late 18th century ( Fitzpatrick, 1999, p.40 ) . The BIG pilot undertaking in Namibia has gained big attending worldwide ( Haarmann et al. , 2009, p.XII ) particularly because other states, including for illustration Germany, are besides discoursing the debut of a basic income for some clip already ( Little, 1998, p.107 ) . Possibly in this instance a developing state will steal into the function of progress leading and go the precursor of a successful development construct that will be implemented in Western states later.

Observation dune cause civile

Observation dune cause civile OBSERVATION D'UNE CAUSE CIVILEParTravail prÂÆ'Â ©sentÂÆ'Â © ÂÆ'Dans le cadre du cours Droit dans les affairesGroupe :8 avril 2004Note :Tout d'abord, je veux spÂÆ'Â ©cifier qu'avant d'entendre la cause sur laquelle portera ce travail, nous avons vu deux demandes de permis de conduire restreints. Toutes les deux ont ÂÆ'Â ©tÂÆ'Â © acceptÂÆ'Â ©s.Date : 6 avril 2004Lieu : Palais de justice deSalle : #2.05Cour du QuÂÆ'Â ©bec chambre civileJuge :Description de la cause :La cause que nous avons entendue ÂÆ'Â ©tait un appel d'une dÂÆ'Â ©cision du tribunal administratif du QuÂÆ'Â ©bec concernant le classement du domicile de m. Loyer, soit rÂÆ'Â ©sidentiel, non-rÂÆ'Â ©sidentiel ou mixte. M. Loyer est ÂÆ'Â ©valuateur en bÂÆ'Â ¢timent et possÂÆ'de un ordinateur et un fax dans une piÂÆ'ce de son domicile. ÂÆ'€ cause de cette piÂÆ'ce, les procureurs prÂÆ'Â ©tendent qu'on devrait classifier le domicile de mr. Loyer comme mixte, soit semi rÂÆ'Â ©sidentielle et semi non-rÂÆ'Â ©sidentielle.English: Daniel BÃ ©langer at MÃ ©tropolis of Montre...Notons que m. Loyer assume sa dÂÆ'Â ©fense sans avocat.Au cours du procÂÆ's, m. Loyer n'a pas beaucoup parlÂÆ'Â ©, les procureurs, eux, ont produits une argumentation trÂÆ's riche qui ne recevait d'opposition que du juge lui-mÂÆ'Â ªme.Montant du litige :Le montant du litige dans cette cause est totalement nulle. Puisque le pourcentage de la demeure de m. Loyer servant ÂÆ' des affaires est trÂÆ's bas, une modification de la classification de l'immeuble de m. Loyer n'entraÂÆ'Â ®nerait pas de hausse par rapport ÂÆ' la taxation. Le juge a spÂÆ'Â ©cifiÂÆ'Â © qu'il s'agissait purement d'une question de principe et que la valeur du jugement serait symbolique.Demandeur :Dans cette cause, le demandeur est la MRC Matawinie, plus prÂÆ'Â ©cisÂÆ'Â ©ment, la ville de St BÂÆ'Â ©atrix.Avocats du procureur :Les avocats de la couronne ÂÆ'Â ©taient les maÂÆ'Â ®tres ChÂÆ'Â ©nier et Tho mas de BÂÆ'Â ©langer SauvÂÆ'Â © inc.DÂÆ'Â ©fendeur :Le dÂÆ'Â ©fendeur ÂÆ'Â ©tait m. Denis...