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Thursday, August 27, 2020
ISTE NETS Standards for Teachers
ISTE NETS Standards for Teachers Module 1: Assessing Strengths and Improvement Opportunities Correlation with NETS-T Standard 1: Facilitate and Inspire Student Learning and Creativity I trust I do a genuinely great job of drawing in understudies in investigating certifiable issues and taking care of true issues utilizing advanced media and apparatuses (NETS-T 1b). For instance, the greater part of my worldwide ELLs are studying universal exchange. In this way, I have my business English understudies do a strategy proposition and introduction. In little gatherings, understudies utilize the Internet to investigate openings and opportunities for going into business. They additionally need to make a field-tested strategy showing their item or administration, cost structure, and anticipated benefits or misfortunes for the principal, second, third, and fifth years, in addition to other things. They at that point sort out this data into a PowerPoint introduction and present their proposition to the class. Understudies at that point vote in favor of the suggestion that is the most sensible and conceivable and has the most obvious opportunity with regards to progress. Nume rous parts of this multi-faceted task manage true issues and credible issues and utilize advanced devices and assets to address them. I am, be that as it may, generally powerless on NETS-T 1c, advancing understudy reflection. Standard 2: Design and Develop Digital-Age Learning Experiences and Assessments I accept the marketable strategy model examined above is additionally better than average case of a Digital-Age Learning Experience that adapt[s] pertinent learning encounters that fuse advanced devices and assets to advance understudy learning and inventiveness (NETS-T 2a). Understudies figure out how to do Internet exploration and utilize regular office efficiency programming while at the same time getting and figuring out how to impart in business English. During the term, understudies likewise need to send me a few business-related messages, for example, requesting more data, submitting a request, checking a requests status, whining as a client, and dealing with grievances from clients. We do comparable themes as calls also. These sorts of exercises furnish me with developmental and summative appraisal information (NETS-T 2d). Lawton (2014) says that 21st century evaluations must move past basic good and bad answers. PowerPoints, introductions, messages, and calls go far toward a chieving that objective. Standard 3: Model Digital-Age Work and Learning I do next to no with computerized correspondence or cooperation with understudies or partners past email and WeChat (a Chinese constant informing and internet based life application like WhatsApp). There are three essential purposes behind this: culture, government limitations, and my own obliviousness. Socially, everybody in China utilizes WeChat for both individual and expert interchanges. I, be that as it may, think that its lacking for expert or scholarly correspondence or joint effort. WeChat is so unavoidable, truth be told, that while most Chinese have email accounts, they once in a while use them or even check them. It is regular for me to send an email at that point use WeChat to educate the beneficiary that an email has been sent. Chinas Great Firewall (for example government limitation) is another hindrance. The Chinese government squares numerous Western sites and electronic administrations such Google (counting Gmail, Google Docs, Google Classroom, Google Translate, Goog le Scholar, and YouTube, and so forth.), Twitter, and Facebook. VPNs to get around such squares are accessible, yet they are frequently costly, questionable, and the legislature puts forth a valiant effort to boycott and square them also. At long last, my own obliviousness is a hindrance. I essentially have not set aside the effort to investigate and investigate the alternatives that might be accessible to me in China. Some portion of the explanation is time, some portion of it is smugness. I just have not had the inspiration to research. Standard 4: Promote and Model Digital Citizenship and Responsibility This standard is additionally very hard to meet in my present condition. China has gained notoriety for powerless assurance of protected innovation (IP) rights. While Chinas composed IP laws are similar to those of increasingly created countries, they were composed just moderately as of late, the courts have little involvement in IP cases, and authorization is conflicting (Ang, Yingmei, Chaopeng, 2014). For instance, from firsthand experience, Beijing is loaded up with DVD stores that take into account outsiders. Each Western DVD is smuggled and pilfered. In like manner, fake sacks, shoes, and apparel are effectively accessible despite the fact that the legislature has closed down a large number of the culpable shops as of late. They simply revive somewhere else. So also, it is regular for college understudies to buy copies of required course readings. Any duplicate place in Beijing is glad to duplicate a reading material, even the ones nearby. Actually, two years back I endeavored t o require my understudies to purchase credible duplicates of my group required content yet I was quickly criticized by my bosses. No, no, no, no, no! my director said. Legitimate books are excessively costly. Our understudies can't bear the cost of them, I was told. Copies are better! The colleges are claimed, worked, and constrained by a similar government that composes and implements IP laws. It is little miracle that outsiders have the feeling that copyright laws and licensed innovation rights don't exist in China in any important way. Having said that, one thing I am ready to do-and I do it ardently is demand appropriate documentation and reference of sources. I put forth a valiant effort to explore, confirm, and demonstrate suspected literary theft yet it is hard to do so when Yahoo is the main instrument available to me. I might want to put resources into an assistance, for example, Turnitin to catch, or even better, forestall written falsification. Standard 5: Engage in Professional Growth and Leadership Rogers (2003, refered to in Oncu, Delialioglu, Brown, 2008, p. 21) distinguished five sorts of individuals concerning innovation selection: trend-setters, early adopters, early larger part, late greater part, and loafers. My degree of obstruction is by all accounts expanding as I age. I realize I am not the pioneer I used to be; now I may arrange myself as mid-larger part had Rogers remembered that type for his plan. I consider part proficient development and administration concerning innovation is to move toward innovation with a more basic eye than is run of the mill. While there are numerous verifiable advantages to utilizing innovation in the study hall, there are additionally expected threats, downsides, and drawbacks that have all the earmarks of being neglected, overlooked, or excused insane (Langford, Narayan, Von Glahn, 2016). For instance, concerns have been raised that overreliance on innovation can cause decreases in basic reasoning and systematic aptitudes (Porter, 2014; Greenfield, 2009, refered to in Langford, Narayan, Von Glahn, 2016) and that overdependence on the Internet hampers people groups capacity to think, comprehend, hold, and dissect data (Carr, 2010; Ciarcia, 2012; Friedman Heafner, 2012, refered to in Langford, Narayan, Von Glahn, 2016). At long last, Bauerlein (2008) accepts that the computerized age has produced access to colossal data to the detriment of making us more moronic. He stresses that the more youthful age is progressively disengaged from culture, history, legislative issues and setting adding to obliviousness and lack of concern (refered to in Langford, Narayan, Von Glahn, 2016, p. 4). I think it becomes instructors and teachers to recognize the two sides of the discussion and not naturally expect that any innovation is valuable or even innocuous. Our understudies regularly grasp new innovation unceremoniously. In this manner, as instructors, teachers, and pioneers, it is officeholder upon us to assess the utilization a nd likely results of innovation before embracing it as opposed to indiscriminately follow the unavoidable culture. At the end of the day, if abuse of innovation is a piece of the issue, as some accept, is more innovation actually the appropriate response? As pioneers we should pose hard inquiries and be happy to resist business as usual (Bennis, 1989, refered to in Shoup, 2016). End I trust I have done a genuinely great job of meeting a portion of the indictors of the ISTE NETS gauges for instructors. Then again, a portion of the gauges and their markers will be hard to meet in my Chinese college instructing and learning setting. All things considered, there are two things I trust I can never really build up the abilities I have to fulfill the NETS-T guidelines and pointers. My first objective is to explore age-fitting on the web shared apparatuses accessible and open in China. Such devices will help my business English understudies further build up their English perusing and composing capability just as set them up for their future vocations where such joint effort is ordinary. Besides, I need to build up my expert development and initiative by exploring and understanding the expected issues and entanglements introduced by innovation past the three most usually connected with youth-predators, literary theft, and pornography and how to alleviate them. Innovation Integration Matrix (TIM) The following is a Technology Integration Matrix mirroring my business English class for my worldwide college understudies. I picked this class since I trust it is the most innovation coordinated class I as of now instruct. My TOEFL and IELTS workshops are far less innovation subordinate. Truth be told, I felt it important to make and include another Level of Technology Integration to the Matrix: Nonââ¬'Integration. There are a few reasons why an instructor may not incorporate certain parts of innovation with their guidance including, however not constrained to, ignorance that such innovation exists, obliviousness in regards to its utilization, an absence of assets or get to, or a method of reasoning where such use is considered improper (Kayalar, 2016). For instance, I myself am uninformed old enough fitting on the web assets for objective coordinated discovering that are accessible and open in China. Levels of Technology Integration into the Curriculum Non-Integration Passage Reception Adjustment Imbuement Change Learning Envir
Saturday, August 22, 2020
Nelson Mandela (451 words) Essay Example For Students
Nelson Mandela (451 words) Essay Nelson MandelaNelson Mandela is one of the extraordinary good and political pioneers within recent memory: a global saint whose long lasting commitment to the battle against racial mistreatment in South Africa won him the Nobel Peace Prize and the administration of his nation. Since his triumphant discharge in 1990 from in excess of 25 years of detainment, Mandela has been at the focal point of the most convincing and moving political show on the planet. As leader of the African National Congress and head of South Africas antiapartheid development, he was instrumental in pushing the country toward multiracial government and dominant part rule. He is respected wherever as a fundamental power in the battle for human rights and racial uniformity. Long Walk to Freedom is his moving and thrilling life account, a book bound to have its spot among the best diaries of historys most noteworthy figures. Here just because, Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela recounts to the uncommon story of his life an epic of battle, misfortune, restored expectation, and extreme triumph, which has, as of not long ago, been essentially obscure to the greater part of the world. The encourage child of a Thembu boss, Mandela was brought up in the customary, inborn culture of his precursors, yet at an early age took in the cutting edge, inevitable truth of what came to be called politically-sanctioned racial segregation, one of the most impressive and powerful frameworks of abuse at any point considered. In traditionally exquisite and charming writing, he recounts his initial a very long time as a ruined understudy and law agent in Johannesburg, of his moderate political arousing, and of his significant job in the resurrection of a stale ANC and the development of its Youth League during the 1950s. He depicts the battle to accommodate his political action with his dedication to his family, the anguished separation of his first marriage, and the difficult partitions from his youngsters. He breathes life into clearly the heightening political fighting in the fifties between the ANC and the legislature, coming full circle in his sensational ventures as an underground chief and the famous Rivonia Trial of 1964, at which he was condemned to life detainment. He relates the shockingly significant twenty-seven years in jail and the perplexing, sensitive arrangements that drove both to his opportunity and to the start of the finish of politically-sanctioned racial segregation. At last he gives a definitive inside record of the remarkable occasions since his discharge that created finally a free, multiracial vote based system in South Africa. To a huge number of individuals around the globe, Nelson Mandela remains, as no other living figure does, for the triumph of poise and expectation over despondency and disdain, of self-restraint and love over mistreatment and wickedness. Long Walk to Freedom exemplifies that soul in a book forever. Policy driven Issues
Friday, August 21, 2020
Why NFL Stars Often Make Less Than Pretty Good MLB Players
Why NFL Stars Often Make Less Than Pretty Good MLB Players Why NFL Stars Often Make Less Than Pretty Good MLB Players Why NFL Stars Often Make Less Than Pretty Good MLB PlayersIf your retirement plan involves your kid becoming a millionaire sports star, you probably want them playing baseball or basketball, not football.With the World Series all wrapped up and the NBA in the early stretch of its season, itâs time for the world to fully turn its attention to football. And thatâs assuming the world wasnât already paying most of its attention to football anyway.Even with viewership dipping over the past few seasons, the NFL is still immensely popular. (Besides, NFL viewership is declining slower than viewership overall.) And then there are the numbers: the NFL saw a whopping 8.1 billion in league-wide revenue for the 2017 season. Thatâs an increase of 4.9 percent from the year prior! And once you account for local revenues on top of those league-wide numbers, total NFL revenue in 2017 topped $14 billion.Okay, we donât need to convince you that the NFL is a) popular and b) making money hand ov er fist. But youâd think that with all this money coming in, NFL players would also be raking in the cash. And yet, theyâre not. Compared to normal people, sure, but when compared to other elite athletes, their salaries are downright paltry.Outside of QBs, NFL salaries lag behind the MLB.Specifically, letâs look at the salaries in Major League Baseball versus the NFL. The average NFL salary for 2018 was $2.1 million. The average salary in the MLB, however, was $4.52 million, over twice as much!And while starting NFL quarterbacks who sign an extension past their rookie contract are very likely to be making more than $20 million a yearâ"with the average salary rising every time a new contract is signedâ"non-quarterbacks usually make far less. There are 16 quarterbacks making $20+ million this season, but only two non-quarterbacks with average annual salaries above $20 million: Khalil Mack of the Chicago Bears and Aaron Donald of the Los Angeles Rams.In the MLB meanwhile, a who pping 35 players had an average annual salary of $20 million or above in 2018. For reference, Chicago Cubs right fielder Jason Heyward had a higher average annual salary this season than Russell Wilson, Ben Roethlisberger, and Cam Newton. And Heywards 2018 salary was higher than any non-quarterback in the NFL who wasnât Khalil Mack.And then there are the overall contracts themselves. The largest current contract in Major League Baseball is Giancarlo Stantonâs with the New York Yankees, a 13-year-deal worth $325 million dollars total. The largest contract in the NFL, meanwhile, is held by Atlanta Falconâs quarterback Matt Ryanâs; itâs for five years and is worth $150 million.Now, Matt Ryanâs contract does come with a higher average annual salary than Stantonâs: $30 million to $25 million, but the total value of the contract is still less than halfâ"and only $94.5 million of that money is actually guaranteed, while Stantonâs $325 million is all guaranteed. Even accoun ting for the full $150 million value, Ryanâs top NFL deal would only be the 23rd largest contract in the MLB.So whatâs the deal? Ask any average person on the street and theyâre likely to tell you that they care more about the NFL than they do the MLB. So why are baseball players raking in so much more dough?The NFL is making bank, but so is the MLB.Even if it often feels like Major League Baseball is less important culturally than it used to beâ"with the NFL and the NBA rising to take its placeâ"itâs not terribly likely that MLB owners are that worried. Salaries for baseball players up, in part, because baseball owners are making a lot of money.In 2017, MLB revenues cracked $10 billion for the first time, driven in large part by extremely lucrative media deals both league-wide and at the team level. Not only will national TV networks pay billions of dollars for the rights to air baseball games, but many teams have deals with local or regional networks as well that can net them hundreds of millions a year. Some, like the Yankees, even own stakes in those regional networks, making them even more profitable.And profit-sharing in the MLB means that all this money isnât simply getting hoovered up by the leagueâs most popular teams. A full 31 percent of teamsâ net local revenue is shared evenly between all 30 franchises. That means that when the Yankees do well, the Tampa Bay Rays also benefit. More money around the league means more teams willing to shell out big bucks for players.Of course, the NFL is also doing very well. As we mentioned previously, total revenue for the NFL topped $14 billion in 2017, with each team pocketing approximately $255 from league-wide revenues on top of their local earnings. Even with two more teams in their league, it would seem like the NFL franchises would have a lot more money to throw around than MLB teams.Hereâs where the differences really begin.The MLB has fewer players and longer careers.This one is pretty o bvious. Major league baseball teams are allowed 25 players on their active roster, while NFL rosters total 53 players. Add in the fact that there are 32 NFL teams and only 30 MLB teams and the numbers add up. Using 25-man rosters, there are currently 750 major league baseball players. Meanwhile, there are 1,696 players in the NFL. Thatâs over twice as many!The disparity isnât so great, however, if you take into account 40-man rosters for the MLB, which include players who are injured or who are on major league contracts but are currently playing in the minors. Accounting for 40-man rosters, the total number of MLB players is 1200, which is only 30 percent less than the number of players in the NFL.But itâs not just the number of players. Not by a long shot. In both leagues, rookies play on relatively cheap contracts, with the highest-paid players being the ones who are on the second or third deals. In the MLB, the average player has a career thatâs 5.6 years long. In the NFL , the average playerâs career is only 3.3 years.Not only are there fewer players in Major League Baseball, meaning they all get a bigger piece of the pie, but baseball players are much more likely to make it past the end of their rookie dealsâ"when they can really start making the big bucks.MLB teams dont have a salary cap.This is a huge difference between the two leagues. The NFL has a hard salary cap, which means that no team can spend money on players above a certain dollar number each season. The MLB meanwhile does not have any salary cap, which means that the owners can spend as much as they like on their rosters.Since NFL players are guaranteed a certain percentage of league-wide revenue via their collective bargaining agreement, the salary cap is determined by total league revenue. For the 2018 season, the NFL salary cap is set at $177.2 million. Teams are also allowed to roll over unused cap space from year to year.The only limit that the MLB places on team spending is a luxury tax, which came in at $197 million for the 2018 season. Any dollar spent on salaries above that threshold incurs a penalty. These penalties increase the more you spend above the threshold, and they also increase for every consecutive year teamsâ spend in the luxury tax. For more specifics, check out the MLBâs âcompetitive balance taxâ glossary page.Not only does the MLB have fewer players than the NFL, but their teams can spend more money on those players before they run into issues. Six MLB teams in 2018 had payrolls above the NFL salary cap. And while teams arenât required to spend all that money, they still can spend it if they want toâ"whereas NFL teams arenât even given the choice.Better unions guarantee more actual money.Hereâs the funny thing: If you were to take the average MLB payroll in 2018 and compare it to the average amount that NFL teams spent against the 2018 salary cap, youâd see NFL teams spending much more on their players. The average MLB payroll was $139.1 million in 2018, while the average NFL team spent $144.4 million against the cap. So maybe this whole disparity really does amount to there being fewer MLB players?Except it doesnât. Because salary cap numbers donât tell the whole story. In fact, neither do NFL contracts. Remember earlier in this piece where we mentioned how only 94.5 million of Matt Ryanâs contract was guaranteed? Yeah, hereâs the dirty little secret about NFL contracts: The only number that matters is the guaranteed money. Everything else is fairy dust.Contracts in the National Football League skew heavily towards the teamâs advantage. After a couple of years, players can often be cut with minimal implications for the teamâs salary cap. But in the MLB, players have far more leverage. A player who signs a 10-year, $250 million contract is almost certainly going to get all of that $250 million.The difference comes down to the players unions. The Major League Baseball Players Associatio n (MLBPA) has a long and storied history as a labor rights powerhouse. Under their first Executive Director, Marvin Miller, the MLBPA raised the leagueâs minimum salary from $19,000 to $326,00, established collective bargaining, and ushered in the era of free agencyâ"the last of which is a major driver of player salaries in every sport.Are you surprised to the learn that the MLB doesnt have a salary cap? We wouldnt blame you. Out of the four primary American sports leagues (MLB, NFL, NBA, NHL), baseball is the only one without a salary cap. Thatâs how good the MLBPA is. If owners wanted to institute one, theyâd be looking at a major work stoppage.The National Football League Players Association (NFLPA), on the other hand, has let their players down. The deal they struck with the NFL to end the 2011 lockout has been derided as a massive failure. In comparison to the NFLPAâs previous collective bargaining agreement (CBA), their current 10-year deal could be shifting as much a s $10 billion from players to owners by the time its done.Is an NFL lockout on the horizon? If youâre looking for one reason above all others to explain why MLB players (and NBA players, for that matter) make so much more than their NFL counterparts, the strength of their unions is your answer. And donât think NFL players havenât noticed either. After their current CBA comes to an end in 2020, donât be surprised if the 2021 season is delayed by a lockoutâ"if it even happens at all.To learn more about the financial side of sports and pop culture, check out these related posts from OppLoans:Horror Films Cost Very Little to Make and They Make a LOT of Money10 Money Lessons From the Worst Contracts in NBA History5 Financial Facts About the Olympics That Might Surprise YouWhich Avenger Gives Marvel the Most Bang for Its Buck?How Student-Athlete Insurance Protects Financial FuturesWhat else do you want to know about the money side of sports? We want to hear from you! You can fin d us on Facebook and Twitter.Visit OppLoans on YouTube | Facebook | Twitter | LinkedIN
Monday, May 25, 2020
3 Family Road Trips You Cant Miss - Free Essay Example
Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 608 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/02/15 Category Society Essay Level High school Topics: Family Essay Did you like this example? There are certain places that everybody has on their travel bucket list. Whether you love cities, the countryside or a little bit of magic, you can do it all with an RV. When you have a family, admittedly, travelling becomes a little different. When you have young children, you have to pack more, take more pitstops and make time for fun-filled excitement. With all that being said, RV road trips as a family are cost-effective, memorable and fun experiences that will allow you to see the world, creating memories together, with no restrictions. Below weve listed the top family road trips that are sure to be filled with memories for your family, and children of all ages. Donââ¬â¢t waste time! Our writers will create an original "3 Family Road Trips You Cant Miss" essay for you Create order 1. San Francisco to Crater Lake Starting your trip in San Francisco, youre automatically off to a good start. This beautiful city has a little bit of everything in it, with lots of outdoor attractionsââ¬âa perfect first stepping stone for children. Dont forget to check out the iconic Golden Gate Bridge. On your way to Crater Lake, make sure to visit Lassen Volcanic Park and Klamath Falls. These are filled with jaw-dropping views and will create amazing experiences. When you pull into Crater Lake, you will not be disappointed. In fact, pictures dont do it any justice. Everyone in the family will be completely stunned. Spend the day or the week at Crater Lake National Park enjoying the family-friendly activities like bike trails, water sports and fishing. This road trip is definitely one for the outdoor loving family. 2. Auckland to Rotorua Starting in New Zealands largest city and ending in aquatic heaven is a road trip with something for the whole family. Auckland is bursting with interesting places to visit and things to do. Get a real taste of big city life and admire all the modern architecture. Take a tiny detour on your way to Rotorua to stop at Waitomo. You just dont want to pass at a chance to witness the Waitomo Glowworm Caves. These will leave your family, no matter the age, completely enchanted. Head towards Matamata and try to find some hobbits. This is must-see for all the Lord of the Rings fans out there. Youll actually be able to see Bilbos house and the Green Dragon Inn. Finally, reach your destination at Rotorua. The magic doesnt end. Explore Whakarewarewa Forest or, if youre not really up for mountain biking, visit Rainbow Springs, the cute conservation park where you can see endangered species all for yourself. This will be a truly magical road trip. 3. Pisa to Rome Ah, Italy, a country filled with culture, history and amazing scenery. What more could you need for an amazing road trip? Starting in Pisa, make sure to see the leaning tower (and capture one of the classic photos with it). Torre Pendente Camping Village is nestled between the leaning tower and San Rossore Park, providing ample excitement for everyone. From there we suggest making stops at Florence, Siena and Orvieto. All three of these cities will fill you with so much culture and knowledge (and maybe pasta). Finally, make your way to Rome. Park at one of the resort-like camping villages and take trips to the Colosseum, Ancient Forum and perhaps the Vatican City, returning for a soak in the pool at the end of the day. This is a road trip jam-packed with tourist attractions, culture and great food. Just remember the saying, its not the destination, its the journey. No matter how amazing Crater Lake, the Colosseum or Bilbos house was to see, youll always remember your RV road trip and the fun you had with your family.
Thursday, May 14, 2020
Into The Wild By Jon Krakauer - 1128 Words
Into the Wild Jon Krakauerââ¬â¢s compelling novel, ââ¬Å"Into the Wildâ⬠is a true story about Christopher McCandlessââ¬â¢ search for identity. McCandless was enamored in the idea of escaping a life that revolves around material possessions. The non-fiction treatment of this young life illustrates through the rebuilding of events in McCandlessââ¬â¢ life the idea that McCandless seemed obsessed with how people appeared blind to the fact that they were living unhappy lives yet were terrified of giving up that life because it was safe, provided security and stability. However, for McCandless, nothing was more dangerous to the free spirit within him than that safe secure future. Krakauer with an eye to journalistic detail describes McCandlessââ¬â¢ journey usingâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦For example, a few months before he embarked on his journey his parents offered him a new car. McCandless not only refused the car but was furious that his parents had even offered to give something like this to him in the first place because he already had a car that ran like a champ, which was a yellow 1982 Datsun B210 with over two hundred thousand miles on it, and anything more luxurious than that would be an unnecessary material item or as he called it, just a thing, it was a good thing he refused that new car because that Datsun without a doubt aided him on his search for identity. Most people have a search for self-identity and the meaning of life but McCandless took it to the extreme. He was so wrapped up in finding himself and his identity that he felt the only way to do just that was to burn all of his money, leave his car in the dessert, and travel all around the country in search of a better place, where the people didnââ¬â¢t place all of their value in material possessions and statuses. Chris even created a fake identity for himself while on his search to find his real one, everyone he met on his journey knew him as Alexander Supertramp as th is is the name he chose for himself on his ââ¬Å"great Alaskan adventureâ⬠. He traveled all over the US and even ended up in Mexico for a couple months but he knew all along that the ultimate destination was the Alaskan wilderness where there was no one because he knew that he
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Social Class - Jane Eyre/Pride and Prejudice - 1761 Words
Examine the use of the theme of social class in ââ¬ËJane Eyreââ¬â¢ and how this is illuminated by your reading of ââ¬ËPride and Prejudiceââ¬â¢ by Jane Austen. The novel ââ¬ËJane Eyreââ¬â¢ highlights the idea of social class and the position of women in society. It tells the story of how protagonist Jane progresses through different social classes in life, beginning as the low position of an orphan and ending in the higher position of being both wealthy and married. Charlotte Bronteââ¬â¢s own social background was that of being relatively middle class as she was the daughter of a clergyman, which may have impacted on Janeââ¬â¢s attitude towards the ranks of society: it is shown at many points in the novel that social classes are unfair and prejudiced. Austenâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦She rebels against the opinions society has tried to enforce, desiring more, showing early feminist views. Becoming a governess in a stately manor home does little for Janeââ¬â¢s social standing. Though she now has a respectable job and behaves exactly as a lady should, for this was a key part of being a governess, she is treated appallingly by people who are in a ââ¬Ëbetterââ¬â¢ class, such as Miss Ingram. Miss Ingram is continually rude to Jane, at one point calling her a ââ¬Ëcreeping creatureââ¬â¢ which shows how she considers Jane to be a lesser-being due to her class. By using the word ââ¬Ëcreatureââ¬â¢ it is implied that she is amongst the same class as animals: the word ââ¬Ëcreepingââ¬â¢ attaches connotations of Jane being sly and untrustworthy. When this is said, Jane does not say anything in return which implies that she, too, believes she is a lesser-being. This is also replicated by the use of Jane continually referring to Mr Rochester being at ââ¬ËMiss Ingramââ¬â¢s sideââ¬â¢. Clearly, Jane believes that Miss Ingram has a better social standing and therefore she is more suited to Mr Rochester, another point that is repeated throughout the novel. Just like Miss Ingram, Austen wrote the character of Lady Catherine de Bourgh who possesses great wealth and social superiority. It i s said that Lady Catherine ââ¬Ëlikes to have the distinction of rank preservedââ¬â¢. Through this quote we can see howShow MoreRelatedPride And Prejudice And Jane Eyre1681 Words à |à 7 PagesIntroduction: Jane Austen and Charlotte Bronte explore social class in a number of different ways throughout their novels Pride and the Prejudice and Jane Eyre. They do this through the use of stylistic devices which in turn appeals to their different audiences. Both Jane and Charlotte are notable writers for their remarkable texts. Jane Austen is known for playing a revolutionary role in the generation of English female literature, which was counteracted by this piece- and Charlotte Bronte alsoRead MoreJane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte1124 Words à |à 5 PagesJane Eyre and Pride and Prejudice were written in consecutive literary eras. Pride and Prejudice was written prior to Jane Eyre; Pride and Prejudice was written during the Regency Period and Jane Eyre was written in the Victorian Era (Kalikoff, Chin-Yi). Elizabeth, from Pride and Prejudice, marries a man named Mr. Darcy who was of a higher social class. Jane Eyre marries Rochester after she gains wealth from her uncle so their classes are equa l. Marriage was the survival tool for women; women wouldRead MoreJane Austen And Jane Eyre1967 Words à |à 8 PagesPride and the Prejudice ââ¬â Jane Austen Jane Eyre ââ¬â Charlotte Bronte How is social class explored in both texts through the use of stylistic devices and how do the different perspectives help appeal to the audience? Introduction: Jane Austen and Charlotte Bronte explore social class in a number of different ways throughout their novels Pride and the Prejudice and Jane Eyre. They do this through the use of stylistic devices, which in turn appeals to their different audiences. Both Jane and CharlotteRead MoreSocial Classes In Pride And Prejudice And Jane Eyre1605 Words à |à 7 PagesIntroduction: In both texts; Jane Austen and Charlotte Bronte explore social class in a number of ways. They do this through the use of their stylistic devices and this in turn appeals to their different audiences. Both Jane and Charlotte are notable writers for their remarkable texts. Jane Austen is known for playing a revolutionary role in the generation of English female literature, which was counteracted by this piece- and Charlotte Bronte further developed her feminist thoughts, which haveRead MoreJane Austen And Charlotte Bronte s Social Class1748 Words à |à 7 PagesIn both texts, both authors; Jane Austen and Charlotte Bronte explore social class in a number of ways. They do this through the use of their stylistic devices and this in turn appeals to their different audiences. Both Jane and Charlotte are notable writers for their remarkable texts. Jane Austen is known for playing a revolutionary role in the generation of English female literature, which was counteracted by this piece- and Charlotte Bronte further developed her feminist thoughts, which have beenRead MoreMarxist Criticism In Jane Eyre And Mansfield Park By Jane Austen1088 Words à |à 5 PagesJane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte and Mansfield Park by Jane Austen have many things in common but also contrast in many different ways. Marxist criticism shows how they relate and differ. Jane Eyre is about a young girl who lives with an abusive family and is sent away because she is unliked. Mansfield Park also similar to Jane Eyre, with Fanny Price living with an abusive family after her true family sends her away because they are so poor. When applying Marxist criticism how they are treated, whereRead MoreComparison Of Jane Eyre And Pride And Prejudice 2081 Words à |à 9 Pages10/30/2017 Compare and Contrast the Social Caste System and Personal Ideations in the books ââ¬Å"Jane Eyreâ⬠by Emily Bronte and ââ¬Å"Pride and Prejudiceâ⬠by Jane Austin Two names that ran the gauntlet of 19th century romance and changed the way on how it was written and depicted forever. These two history changing authors names were Jane Austen and Emily Bronte. Two well-known novels of the 19th century (ââ¬Å"Jane Eyreâ⬠by Emily Bronte and ââ¬Å"Pride and Prejudiceâ⬠by Jane Austin) both have similarities, but alsoRead MoreFeminist Criticism Of Pride And Prejudice1220 Words à |à 5 PagesA Truth Universally Acknowledged. A truth that should be universally acknowledged is that Pride and Prejudice is one of the best works of fiction in its category. Jane Austenââ¬â¢s nineteenth century novel has become one of the most popular works of English literature, with over twenty million copies sold and numerous film and television adaptations (Walsh). The novel falls under the category of nineteenth century English literature and proves successful in numerous criteria. The success of the novelRead MoreThe Importance Of Wealth And A Consumerist Nation1356 Words à |à 6 Pages2015 Social Classholes: The Importance of Wealth Historically and in a Consumerist Nation One of the most important aspects of any novel is the theme. Furthermore, themes that express practicalities that people in the real world deal with regularly are that much more effecting. Thatââ¬â¢s why novels like Pride and Prejudice and Jane Eyre are timeless; their themes are extremely important and will forever ring true in society. Most prevalently of the themes in these novels is social classRead More Pride and Prejudice and Jane Eyre: Love and Characterization2663 Words à |à 11 Pagesmean the people involved love each other any less. There are countless novels that focus on the love between characters, and each character loves differently. In Jane Eyre, Mr. Rochester and Jane have an impassioned affair, this affair is cut short by Janeââ¬â¢s realization that Mr.Rochester already has ties to another woman. In Pride and Prejudice, it is clear that Elizabeth Bennet and Fitzwilliam Darcy love each other very deeply, as Mr. Darcy is able to overcome his doubts about Elizabethââ¬â¢s family, and
Tuesday, May 5, 2020
Panofskys Views On Van Eyck Essay Example For Students
Panofskys Views On Van Eyck Essay Panofskys purpose in writing this article was to identify a painting discovered in Brussels in 1815 (referred to as the London portrait) as the portrait of Geovanni Arnolfimi and his wife Jeanne de Cename, painted in 1434. Panofsky uses historical documentation and iconography to prove his point. Because a paintings value can be enhanced by its historical significance, it is important to discover its background. Identifying a painting from several centuries ago is not easy. Because there is no photocopy available, we must depend on physical descriptions provided by others for recognition. Only paintings possessed by rich or historically significant people would be described in inventories or letters saved over hundreds of years. Wars often brought destruction and chaos, destroying historical documentation. Panofsky traces the provenance of this picture to provide a logical argument that the London portrait could be the Arnolfimi painting. He carefully documents the historical journey of the Arnolfimi painting, providing a continuous list of ownership from Don Diego de Guevara of Spain in the 1500s to Charles III in 1789. This careful documentation is to prove that the Amolfimi painting was still listed as being in Madrid in 1789. The timing of its disappearance and the subsequent discovery of the London portrait in Brussels in 1815 could easily be attributed to the chaos caused by Napoleons conquering of Spain during the lost time period. Since written documentation is often used as proof of historical happenings, it is very important that the content be interpreted correctly, within its historical context. Because a language translation can easily twist the contents meaning, scholars usually provide a quote in the language of its origin. In Panofskys era, most research scholars were f luent in German, French, and Latin. Today fluency in English is also essential. Because the Art History discipline addresses a wide variety of objects from all over the world, and from all known times, misinterpretations caused by language translation can be a critical problem. As a student of Art History, I am depending on the authors interpretation of the quotes documentation. I dont have to understand the non-English text because the foreign quotes are explained in the context of the article. Foreign quotes are provided as just additional proof to the arguments presented by the author. Artists frequently use symbols to present an idea or concept to the audience. An icon is an image whose association with a particular meaning is wide accepted. This symbol can convey emotions associated with its meaning, to have symbolized a particular meaning. Iconography provides a description of icons used throughout history. Iconology, the study of iconography, can provide us with a better understanding of an art object by providing its historical context. Panofsky points out that the writings of Varnewyck and Vermander are unreliable. Vermander was trying to describe a painting he had never seen, depending on Varnewycks written accounts as his only source. Panofsky points out that Vermander not only had just hearsay evidence, but also twisted the meaning of those written accounts in his attempt to interpret them. Actually the first error Vermander committed was using Varnewyck as a source to begin with. Varnewyck had also never seen the picture, and had used an unknown source fo r his writing. Establishing a source as reliable and supported by other evidence is very important for an art historian. Before the Council of Trent was held in 1583, the rule regarding matrimony dictated only that two people accept each other to form a legal marriage. The Council of Trent added the stulation that 2 witnesses and a priest were also required. This distinction is important because the Van Eyck painting represented a marriage, and only two people are in it. Because the marriage occurred before 1583, this was allowable. .u608223e270957ffb69591a6d87beb09d , .u608223e270957ffb69591a6d87beb09d .postImageUrl , .u608223e270957ffb69591a6d87beb09d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u608223e270957ffb69591a6d87beb09d , .u608223e270957ffb69591a6d87beb09d:hover , .u608223e270957ffb69591a6d87beb09d:visited , .u608223e270957ffb69591a6d87beb09d:active { border:0!important; } .u608223e270957ffb69591a6d87beb09d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u608223e270957ffb69591a6d87beb09d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u608223e270957ffb69591a6d87beb09d:active , .u608223e270957ffb69591a6d87beb09d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u608223e270957ffb69591a6d87beb09d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u608223e270957ffb69591a6d87beb09d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u608223e270957ffb69591a6d87beb09d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u608223e270957ffb69591a6d87beb09d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u608223e270957ffb69591a6d87beb09d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u608223e270957ffb69591a6d87beb09d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u608223e270957ffb69591a6d87beb09d .u608223e270957ffb69591a6d87beb09d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u608223e270957ffb69591a6d87beb09d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Tim O'Brien's The Things They Carried: The Man Underneath the Helmet EssayPanofsky uses the anecdote about Willibald Pirckheimers mother to support his argument an undocumented wedding could lead to misunderstanding and problems. He talks about how Willibald Pirckheimers mother was secretly married to Sigmund Stromer, but was able to abandon him for another man because the marriage or joining of hands had been done in secret. 1 Pirckheimer, a wealthy citizen of Nuremberg, was a German humanist and book collector. He often made his library available to scholars and his house a literary and artistic center. It was Pirckheimers great collection that fascinated Panofsky and he was able to study about Pirckheimers life. The London portrait has the inscription Johannes de Eyck fuit hic. 1434 which is Latin for Jon van Eyck has been here. This inscription had been misinterpreted as This was Jan van Eyck, meaning that the portrait contained the figures of Van Eyck and his wife. Since Van Eycks child was baptized in June, 1434, he was probably married in 1433 at the latest. Also this inscription is used to make this painting an actual marriage document, with the artist as the signing witness. Capturing two people standing side by side, portrayed full length in a richly furnished room was not commonly done by 15th century artists. The allusion to Holbeins Ambassadors was to compare the content of it to Van Eycks painting. The marriage of David and Michal also shows two people standing side by side, but had the brides father and his courtier in it as well. All of the scenes represent a ceremony-taking place without a priest, and signified by the joining of hands. The author uses these allusions to show that two people standing next to each other, joining hands was a common icon representing a marriage ceremony. Some symbols have been designed to represent a particular ritual or object. For instance, a crown represents royalty, and can be used to convey the same attributes. Van Eyck used commonly found object such as furnishings and room ornaments as symbols. In this painting he uses these symbols to reinforce the matrimonial theme. The single candle in the chandelier is used as a symbol of the marriage candle given to the bride by the groom. The scene-taking place in a bedroom instead of a sitting room suggests a Nuptial Chamber. This work is important historically because it tells us so much about the people and rituals of its time. Also Van Eyck presents us with an art object that symbolizes matrimonial fidelity and religious faith in a simple, but original way. His use of such materials as brass, velvet, wood and fur not only make the background more realistic, but also are used as symbols to reinforce the paintings theme. Panofsky carefully examined and explained the validity of his sources, document events by tracing their chronological sequence, and used carefully constructed evidence to destroy his opponents (i.e., Vermander, Varnewyck etc.) arguments. Bibliography1. Found at www.encyclopedia.comArts and Painting
Wednesday, April 8, 2020
A basic income grant for Namibia Essays
A basic income grant for Namibia Essays A basic income grant for Namibia Essay A basic income grant for Namibia Essay Introduction Nowadays, many people involved in the development discourse agree that the overcoming of poorness is the most important factor of development and that the growing of a state s economic system entirely is non sufficient to increase the wellbeing of the hapless frequently it has even worsen their state of affairs ( Kingsbury et al. , 2008, pp.27-28, 152 ) . However, there is no consensus on how to turn to this multidimensional job and create permanent alteration. This essay focuses on the challenge of poorness, unemployment and income inequality in Namibia the state with the most unequal distribution of income in the universe. The biennial Basic Income Grant ( BIG ) pilot undertaking in the Otjivero-Omitara country that has started in January 2008 aims to turn to these jobs by redistributing money from the rich to the hapless. It is based on the thought that everybody should unconditionally have a monthly basic income. The end of the BIG pilot undertaking which is the first cosmopolitan cash-transfer pilot undertaking in the universe ( Haarmann et al. , 2009, p.13 ) is to carry the Namibian authorities to implement a BIG in whole Namibia. Even if poorness is today frequently seen as cardinal factor which has to be addressed by development attacks and most would hold that development means bettering the life conditions of society , there has been and there are assorted sentiments of how this betterment should look like and how it can be achieved ( Melkote and Steeves, 2001, p.34 ) . In scholarship and pattern, one can place three chief watercourses of positions on development: modernization or the dominant paradigm of development, critical positions, and release positions ( ibid. ) . The different implicit in thoughts and constructs of development of these positions are explained in the undermentioned literature reappraisal of this essay. In the position study, the development state of affairs in Namibia and the BIG thought together with the associated pilot undertaking are described. The construct of authorization that emerged in the range of the critical attacks and release positions can be seen as the model of the BIG undertaking. The underlying thoughts, the strengths in turn toing poorness and permanent development every bit good as the challenges and unfavorable judgment of the undertaking are discussed in the treatment portion. Reasoning the analysis, actions for a successful execution of the BIG in whole Namibia are recommended. Literature Review The paradigm of modernization that emerged in the 1940s strongly determined the theory and pattern of development until the sixtiess ( Melkote A ; Steeves, 2001, pp.71-72 ; Mowlana A ; Wilson, 1990, p.13 ) . Theories and constructs that recapitulated the development of West European and North American states were used to bring forth theoretical accounts of development for the Third World ( Melkote A ; Steeves, 2001, p.100 ) . Roger names four cardinal elements of this so called dominant paradigm: economic growing via industrialization, capital-intensive engineering and associated the quantitative empirical scientific method, centralised planning every bit good as the belief that underdevelopment is caused by jobs within developing states ( 1976, p.49 ) . The paradigm is based on neo-classical economic theory but besides on societal evolutionary theory Darwin s evolutionary construct applied to societal alteration ( Melkote A ; Steeves, 2001, pp.74-75 ) . There were and are, for illustration, a assortment of bipolar theories of modernization that describe ideal-typical beginning and stop points of development. The states in the Third World were seen as traditional societies while Western states were described as modern and hence holding already achieved the highest phase of development ( Greig, Hulme A ; Turner, 2007, p.80 ; Melkote A ; Steeves, 2001, pp.81, 100 ) . A outstanding illustration of a unilinear modernization theoretical account that emphasises evolutionary alteration is Rostow s five-stage theoretical account of economic growing ( Melkote A ; Steeves, 2001, p.84 ; Servaes, 1999, p. 21 ) . Modernization theories that focused alternatively on evolutionary alteration at the micro degree stated that is is indispensable f or the modernization procedure that persons change their values and attitudes to run into the features of people in the already modernised West ( Melkote A ; Steeves, 2001, pp.86-88 ) . The procedures and constructions of development under the dominant paradigm reshaped the world of people in the Third World ( Melkote A ; Steeves, 2001, p.92 ) . Melkote and Steeves note that an scrutiny of modernisation discourse from the beginning reveals the end of replacing non-Western ideological, cultural, and even linguistic communication systems, with Western systems ( 2001, p.92 ; see besides Kingsbury et al. , 2008, p.52 ) . In add-on, Western states gained more and more control over the people in the Third World through their institutional intercessions ( Melkote A ; Steeves, 2001, p.93 ) . Since the 1960s the development construct within the range of the dominant paradigm has been more and more challenged ( Kingsbury et al. , 2008, p.51 ) . The review refers to several aspects and effects of the paradigm many of it challenges the focal point on a state s economic growing ( Melkote A ; Steeves, 2001, pp.19, 158 ) . The assorted negative effects of the dominant paradigm show that measures like the GDP of a state can non state a batch about the state of affairs of the people. Even though many developing states experienced impressive economic growing until the sixtiess, the modernization theoretical account lead to increased rates of unemployment, poorness and inequality in political, societal and economic regard every bit good as in respect to the distribution of power ( Kingsbury et al. , 2008, p.27-28 ; Melkote A ; Steeves, 2001, pp.158-162 ) . The observation of the failure of the dominant paradigm s trickle-down thought lead to the outgrowth of the basic needs attack in the early 1970s ( Melkote A ; Steeves, 2001, p.166 ) . The purpose of this attack is to extinguish some of the worst facets of poorness by paying attending to the quality of life of persons at the underside of the socio-economic ladder alternatively of underscoring economic indexs as within the dominant paradigm ( ibid. , pp.158, 166 ) . There have been many attempts to specify basic demands ( Kingsbury et al. , 2008, p.32 ) . Paul Streeten ( 1979, p. 48, quoted in Melkote A ; Steeves, 2001, p.167 ) identified seven aims of the basic needs attack that include basic human demands and rights: nutrient and imbibing H2O, shelter, instruction, security of support, conveyance, engagement in decision-making every bit good as self-respect and dignity. After a decennary of repudiation of the accent on basic demands, the attending to this attack returned in the 1990s. In this clip, a presents still really influential step of the wellbeing of people the Human Development Index ( HDI ) of the UNDP was introduced ( Kingsbury et al. , 2008, pp.32-33 ) . Melkote and Steeves province that the basic needs attack has no opportunity to hold a existent consequence on development every bit long as the power lies with the advocates of the neo-classical attack: Considerations of national and planetary security and economic sciences will ever take precedence ( 2001, p.169 ) . Critics have argued moreover that the existent purpose of advocates of the basic demands attack was to maintain people disempowered while merely feeding them better ( ibid. , p.168 ) . These concerns about planetary power instabilities are expressed, for illustration, by dependence theory and world-systems theory ( ibid. , p.158 ) . Melkote A ; Steeves summarise the new ends that alternative attacks to development reference: equity in distribution of development benefits, engagement of all community members, independency of communities or states and integrating of old and new thoughts ( 2001, p.199 ) . The 3rd watercourse of positions on development the release perspectives differs from the others since the focal point is religious and non economic ( Melkote A ; Steeves, 2001, pp.35 ) . Spirituality and faith rarely play a function in mainstream development scholarship or pattern and faiths particularly others than Christianity are instead seen as barriers to development ( ibid. , pp.273-274 ) . However, within every major faith there can be found a type of divinity that supports development as a procedure of release from unfairness, favoritism, and subjugation ( ibid. , p.275, 293 ) . This release divinity, the chief footing for release positions, province that the purposes of development in this attack authorization and autonomy can merely be achieved through personal and communal release from subjugation ( ibid. , p.35 ) . The implicit in premises are that all people pursue freedom and autonomy and have the internal capacity to develop themselves on their ain footing s but internal and external signifiers of subjugation restrict their ability to make so ( ibid. , p.35, 294 ) . Crucial to liberation divinity is that religious pattern and societal activism together with and on behalf of laden people belong together ( ibid. , p.294 ) . Although big Western authoritiess and corporations are seen as a major subjugation beginnings, advocates of release positions are non automatically oppositions of modernization. Alternatively, the basic premiss is that persons must be free to take ( Melkote A ; Steeves, 2001, p.35 ) . A bottom-up theoretical account that incorporates premises of the release perspectives is the participatory theoretical account for development. The thought behind this attack is the engagement of people of all degrees of society ( Melkote A ; Steeves, 2001, p.327-338 ) . Peoples at the grassroots have to comprehend their demands and jobs themselves and so place solutions this happens through conscientization what includes corporate action. Though the participatory theoretical account has been comparatively popular in the last decennaries, many development undertakings have stayed far off from true engagement by maintaining the pick for the right solutions and other power issues at the degree of national or international elites ( Melkote A ; Steeves, 2001, p.338-339 ) . The three watercourses of positions within the development discourse that were discussed in the preceding paragraphs are non thorough and they besides overlap. A construct of development that includes elements of the critical positions and release positions is empowerment ( Melkote A ; Steeves, 2001, p.35-36 ) . The World Bank defines authorization as the procedure of increasing the assets and capablenesss of persons or groups to do purposive picks and to transform those picks into coveted actions and results. Empowered people have freedom of pick and action. This in bend enables them to better act upon the class of their lives and the determinations which affect them ( 2009a ) . Melkote and Steeves besides concentrate on the corporate degree of authorization and argue for this construct of development because sustainable alteration is non possible unless we deal with this important job in human societies: deficiency of economic and societal power among persons at the grassroots the oppressive societal, political, and economic constructions in Third World states are seen as the obstructions for development ( 2001, p.356 ) . Though there are several cautions that are discussed in the treatment portion of this essay, Melkote and Steeves see the authorization construct as the lone manner for true development ( 2001, pp.364-365 ) . Status Report The Republic of Namibia lies in the south-west of the African continent. With 2.11 million occupants in 2008 and a surface country of over 824,000 square kilometers, it is sparsely populated ( The World Bank TWB ] , 2009b ) . The bulk of the Namibians still live in rural countries while the urban population counts merely for 36 per cent ( TWB, 2008 ) . In 2008, the state had a GDP of US $ 8.56 billion ( TWB, 2009b ) and it has compared to neighbor states a comparatively high per capita income ( International Monetary Fund [ IMF ] , 2009, pp.5-6 ) . The economic system as a whole has shown a solid growing public presentation in recent old ages due to the booming mineral sector ( IMF, 2009, pp.5-6 ) . But the big portion of unemployed occupants about 35 per cent reveals the cardinal job of inequality in Namibian society ( ibid. ) . With a Gini value of 74.3, Namibia is regarded as the state with the most unequal distribution of income in the universe. The absolute monthly income of the richest 20 per centum of the population is 56.1 times higher than the income of the poorest 20 per centum ( UNDP, 2008b ) . Harmonizing to the national poorness line, 13.8 per cent of the people are badly hapless ( Haarmann et al. , 2009, pp.48-49 ) . With a HDI of 0.650, Namibia ranges in the bottom 3rd ( rank of 125th ) of 177 states when it comes to human wellbeing ( UNDP, 2008a ) . Using the weight for age criterion of the World Health Organization, 18 per cent of the kids under age 5 were undernourished in 2007. Merely 77 per cent of the kids in the relevant age group completed primary school in 2007. Another challenge is that the HIV rate is high in Namibia: 15.3 per cent of the population ages 15-49 are infected by the virus ( TWB, 2009b ) . In 2004, the so called Namibian Basic Income Grant Coalition ( BIG Coalition ) was established to recommend the debut of a countrywide monthly basic income grant ( BIG ) to turn to these jobs ( Haarmann et al. , 2009, p.13 ) . The Namibian Government s Tax Commission had recommended in 2002 a cosmopolitan grant that should be financed out of a progressive outgo revenue enhancement on the flush ( ibid. , p.18 ) . Following this recommendation, the BIG Coalition developed a proposal for a BIG in Namibia: A monthly hard currency grant of non less than 100 Namibian dollars ( what presently equals 15.64 Australian dollars ) should be paid unconditionally to every Namibian citizen adult females, work forces and kids as a citizen s right until she or he reaches the age of 60. When turning 60, Namibians become eligible for the already bing and well higher cosmopolitan authorities pension ( ibid. , pp.18-19 ; Kameeta et al. , 2007, p.23 ) . The BIG Coalition argues that the net costs of between N $ 1.2 and 1.6 billion per twelvemonth which are tantamount to 2.2 to 3 per cent of the current Namibian GDP are low-cost for the Namibian province as there is extra capacity to raise revenue enhancement gross significantly . Options to finance a BIG include a moderate accommodation of VAT combined with an addition in income revenue enhancements and a re-prioritisation of the national budget and the debut of a particular levy on natural resources ( Haarmann et al. , 2009, p.16 ) . The cardinal consequence that is expected from the BIG is that it promotes employment and nice work on a big graduated table in Namibia ( Kameeta et al. , 2007, p.25 ) . This would be achieved by the BIG by supplying a certain degree of income security that would control low mass poorness and interrupt the destructive circle of the survival economic system . The 2nd chief characteristic is that fiscal resources would be redistributed to the bulk of people where they are most effectual to further both investing and demand ( ibid. , pp.25-26 ) . The advocates of the undertaking note that several significant governmental steps are to boot needed as the BIG entirely can non be the solution for the job of mass unemployment ( ibid. , p.26 ) . The BIG Coalition decided in 2007 to implement a pilot undertaking in the highly hapless Otjivero-Omitara country ( Haarmann et al. , 2009, p.49 ) to turn out the positive effects of a BIG and travel the policy argument forward ( ibid. , p.19 ) . After the enrollment of the 930 under-60-year-old occupants of the country and the elevation of financess for a undertaking continuance of two old ages, the pilot undertaking has started in January 2008. The pay-out is managed by the Namibian Post Office where every occupant of the undertaking country has a savings history into which the grant is paid monthly ( ibid. , pp.19-23 ) . The advocates of the income grant province that the debut of the BIG will be a important measure towards poorness relief, employment creative activity and the decrease of inequality in Namibia ( Kameeta et al. , 2007, p.26 ) . In fact, harmonizing to the one-year-report of the pilot undertaking, assorted developmental effects have been achieved since the execution of the BIG in the undertaking country: family poorness dropped significantly, economic activity increased particularly through the starting of little concerns and the creative activity of a local market through the new purchasing power of the people, child malnutrition was reduced, regular school attending and clinic visits increased chiefly because of the ability to pay the fees, offense was significantly reduced and HIV positive occupants could afford nutrious nutrient that is indispensable to profit to the full from anti-retroviral intervention every bit good as wage for the conveyance to acquire the medicine ( Haarm ann et al. , 2009, p.14-16, 60 ) . Discussion The BIG Coalition sees the BIG non merely as a basic needs attack but as a agency of authorization. The BIG helps the hapless to fulfill basic demands like feeding, imbibing, holding nice shelter and directing their kids to school ( Streeten, 1979, p.48, quoted in Melkote A ; Steeves, 2001, p.167 ) but it intends to accomplish even more than that. The advocates province that the BIG is non a public assistance programme but an empowerment programme for economic activity ( Kameeta et al. , 2007, p.23 ) . Kameeta et Al. argue in their BIG undertaking presentation for the United Nations in line with the thoughts of the empowerment construct of Melkote and Steeves that was explained before in this essay: Poverty is caused by an unfair economic order that prevents them [ the hapless ] from doing a life in a dignified manner. A solution must therefore turn to the structural unfairnesss, which perpetuate the ever-increasing unemployment and poorness rates ( 2007, p.12 ) . As the BIG wou ld ease a redistribution of income from the rich to the hapless, it would take to more justness in the distribution of the wagess of economic growing that Namibia so experienced since independency ( Kameeta et al. , 2007, p.20 ) . That the battle of many Namibians to run into basic demands prevents development is noted strikingly by Kameeta et Al. : The hapless have to pass hours procuring their endurance for the following twenty-four hours by roll uping H2O and firewood and seeking to obtain some nutrient. These day-to-day endurance struggles absorb clip, labor and other resources, which otherwise could be used for productive economic intents ( 2007, p.8 ) . In advanced states the province normally guarantees some sort of societal safety cyberspace but as this is missing in many developing states it is irrational for people to prosecute in advanced, achievement-oriented and profit-maximising behaviour ( Melkote A ; Steeves, 2001, p.166 ) . The abandoning of the survival economic system furthers the chances of the hapless to prosecute in work either by get downing an ain concern or seeking other employment. Criticism of the BIG construct chiefly takes topographic point on an ideological degree and reminds of the position of the dominant paradigm: The two nucleus beliefs are that a hard currency transportation is bad for people because it gives them rights without duty and that hapless people are non capable of passing the money sagely ( Haarmann et al. , 2009, p.39 ) . Melkote and Steeves confirm that while expressed theories of single lower status are no longer promoted, the discourse of development frequently reveals ethnocentric and patriarchal beliefs about the disempowered position of people in general or subgroups in developing states ( 2001, p.90 ) . The BIG Coalition states that the consequences of the pilot undertaking prove that the ideological reserves which critics like many affluent white husbandmans have ( Krahe, 2009, pp.48-49 ) are baseless. The people in the undertaking country have in fact made rational disbursement determinations to better their lives ( Haarmann et al. , 2009, p.40 ) . Furthermore the BIG Coalition argues that the unconditioned payments do non intend giving something for nil but lead to immense single and societal benefits through giving people the chance to go autonomous and act dignified and responsible ( ibid. , pp.39-42 ) . Simply the ownership of small economic power helps people to recover their human self-respect, for illustration because they do non hold to implore for nutrient any more ( Haarmann et al. , 2009, p.41 ) . This procedure is furthered by the unconditioned payment of the BIG. The receiving systems of the BIG have the pick to make up ones mind how to put their money and are responsible for their actions, they have the power to make what seems sensible for them. This would be non the instance if nutrient casts would be provided or the school fees for their kids would be paid from person else than themselves ( ibid. ) . The statement that a BIG would make dependence is contrary to the basic premise of release position which is important to the authorization construct: It is necessary to swear in the laden and in their ability to ground ( Freire, 1996, p.564 ) . As the experience in the pilot undertaking shows, the people use the BIG as a platform for ain actions and do non trust on the r egular payment entirely. Krahe points out that the system of little loans in developing states besides shows that hapless people frequently win in going financially independent in this instance through self-employment if they merely acquire entree to money ( 2009, p.52 ) . The BIG has promoted in the pilot undertaking community besides empowerment through engagement. The people themselves established an 18-member BIG commission to call up the community. The commission elected people who advise others to do the best usage of their Large payments ( Haarmann et al. , 2009, p.14 ) . The members besides addressed the job of intoxicant maltreatment and persuaded shebeen proprietors non to open on the BIG pay-out yearss ( ibid. , pp.38-39 ) . This suggests that the debut of a BIG can efficaciously help with community mobilization and authorization ( ibid. , p.14 ) . Peoples know best the jobs of their community and can make solutions in Otjivero-Omitara, the BIG ignited hope and motivated people to take part in their ain development ( ibid. , p.37 ) . A participatory communicating theoretical account is seen as cardinal for authorization ( Cadiz, 2005 ; Melkote A ; Steeves, 2001, p.166 ) . It would travel beyond the range of this essay to analyze the BIG proposal in such inside informations as discoursing for illustration the appropriate hight of the monthly grant and the best manner to finance it. As noted in the position study, the pilot undertaking shows many positive consequences in turn toing poorness, unemployment and other jobs. The BIG is besides a manner to decrease the economic inequality in a state in which merely a certain portion of people used to profit from economic growing. After analyzing the underlying construct of authorization, one can state that the BIG appears to be a really fruitful construct of development as it is a existent means to authorise people. However, it can merely be one of assorted stairss to derive full authorization of the people. Melkote and Steeves emphasise moreover that there are several cautions to empowerment: it is a long-run, labor-intensive procedure that evolves through pattern in which development support professionals a re merely facilitators ( 2001, pp.364-365 ) . In any instance, extra steps and procedures are needed to attach to the execution of a BIG in Namibia it is understood that the debut of a basic income can non stand entirely ( Hornemann Moller A ; Lind, 1999, p.186 ) . As the BIG Coalition itself states, governmental steps to turn to the mass employment are among others important to make positions and ease the long-run success of a basic income. Essential for farther authorization would be moreover that people at the grassroots organise themselves to back up other people in how to put the BIG money, detect and reference potentially approaching troubles and acquire involved with the betterment of life in their community beyond the basic income ( Melkote A ; Steeves, 2001, p.166, 366 ) . The constitution of a community commission within the BIG pilot undertaking is a good illustration for engagement. From the political side there should be attempts to listen to what the people at the grassroots have to state and what measures the y consider as reasonable for their particular community ( Servaes, 1999, pp.277, 279 ) . However, participatory communicating faces many obstructions and its success depends on several conditions it is nil that can be established easy over dark ( Cadiz, 2005, pp. 156-158 ; Servaes, 1999, pp.196-204, 277 ) . At the current degree of treatment, the argument about a BIG for Namibia is non yet concerned with such of import inside informations of the BIG debut, it is still a general and chiefly ideological one. Can you swear hapless people? Can you allow them make up ones mind what to make with the money they get? The authorization construct approves that and goes even farther by saying that to trust on the self-responsibility of the people, to authorise them to allow them make their ain hereafter is the lone manner to derive sustained development. Surely, there will ever be people who are non willing to take part in community development and maltreatment governmental payments but as the experience from the BIG pilot undertaking shows, this is the minority. A basic income grant can be a first measure towards the end of get the better ofing poorness and increasing the wellbeing of people through authorization. The thought of a basic income already has a long history, its roots stretch back to the late 18th century ( Fitzpatrick, 1999, p.40 ) . The BIG pilot undertaking in Namibia has gained big attending worldwide ( Haarmann et al. , 2009, p.XII ) particularly because other states, including for illustration Germany, are besides discoursing the debut of a basic income for some clip already ( Little, 1998, p.107 ) . Possibly in this instance a developing state will steal into the function of progress leading and go the precursor of a successful development construct that will be implemented in Western states later.
Monday, March 9, 2020
Observation dune cause civile
Observation dune cause civile OBSERVATION D'UNE CAUSE CIVILEParTravail prÃÆ'à ©sentÃÆ'à © ÃÆ'Dans le cadre du cours Droit dans les affairesGroupe :8 avril 2004Note :Tout d'abord, je veux spÃÆ'à ©cifier qu'avant d'entendre la cause sur laquelle portera ce travail, nous avons vu deux demandes de permis de conduire restreints. Toutes les deux ont ÃÆ'à ©tÃÆ'à © acceptÃÆ'à ©s.Date : 6 avril 2004Lieu : Palais de justice deSalle : #2.05Cour du QuÃÆ'à ©bec chambre civileJuge :Description de la cause :La cause que nous avons entendue ÃÆ'à ©tait un appel d'une dÃÆ'à ©cision du tribunal administratif du QuÃÆ'à ©bec concernant le classement du domicile de m. Loyer, soit rÃÆ'à ©sidentiel, non-rÃÆ'à ©sidentiel ou mixte. M. Loyer est ÃÆ'à ©valuateur en bÃÆ'à ¢timent et possÃÆ'de un ordinateur et un fax dans une piÃÆ'ce de son domicile. ÃÆ'Ã⬠cause de cette piÃÆ'ce, les procureurs prÃÆ'à ©tendent qu'on devrait classifier le domicile de mr. Loyer comme mixte, soit semi rÃÆ'à ©sidentielle et semi non-rÃÆ'à ©sidentielle.English: Daniel Bà ©langer at Mà ©tropolis of Montre...Notons que m. Loyer assume sa dÃÆ'à ©fense sans avocat.Au cours du procÃÆ's, m. Loyer n'a pas beaucoup parlÃÆ'à ©, les procureurs, eux, ont produits une argumentation trÃÆ's riche qui ne recevait d'opposition que du juge lui-mÃÆ'à ªme.Montant du litige :Le montant du litige dans cette cause est totalement nulle. Puisque le pourcentage de la demeure de m. Loyer servant ÃÆ' des affaires est trÃÆ's bas, une modification de la classification de l'immeuble de m. Loyer n'entraÃÆ'à ®nerait pas de hausse par rapport ÃÆ' la taxation. Le juge a spÃÆ'à ©cifiÃÆ'à © qu'il s'agissait purement d'une question de principe et que la valeur du jugement serait symbolique.Demandeur :Dans cette cause, le demandeur est la MRC Matawinie, plus prÃÆ'à ©cisÃÆ'à ©ment, la ville de St BÃÆ'à ©atrix.Avocats du procureur :Les avocats de la couronne ÃÆ'à ©taient les maÃÆ'à ®tres ChÃÆ'à ©nier et Tho mas de BÃÆ'à ©langer SauvÃÆ'à © inc.DÃÆ'à ©fendeur :Le dÃÆ'à ©fendeur ÃÆ'à ©tait m. Denis...
Friday, February 21, 2020
Land Ethics and Land Aesthetics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
Land Ethics and Land Aesthetics - Essay Example Land ethics endeavors to integrate moral values to human relations with the natural environment. Once human beings, perceive the environment as an intricate part of the society, they will realise that its destruction leads to the entire suffering of the human force. The Amazon may not be in America and many assume that its destruction will only affect the communities around it. However, effects of environmental destruction are adverse and universal (Callicott 38). According to Aldo Leopold, the first western environmentalist, nature, politics and economy depend on each other. In addition, Leopold considered the community as a structure not made up of the humans only but other aspects of nature like soil, plants, animals and water (Budd 60). Land ethics focuses on fusing both land and community as parts of an ecosystem network. These two fundamental parts interact with each other, with each element possessing basic rights. The human community needs nature as much as nature needs the s ociety. From this point of view, the land ethic is a holistic perception of ecosystems. Environmental conservatives like Aldo Leopold made immense efforts to protect the environment and endangered species. Land ethics concerns itself with how a single organism whether protected or endangered contributes directly to the ecosystem (Callicott 56). Supporters of land ethics argue that if this single organismââ¬â¢s presence or absence affects the entire ecosystem, then protecting it is not an option. Therefore, land ethics regard land as an independent and essential part of the society, contrary to what many regard land as a resource for exploitation. As a result, land ethics also focuses on the aesthetic value of land for preservation of a quality and productive natural environment. Until the early 18th century, aesthetics were a term associated mostly with visual arts such fashion and design and fine art. Texture, colour, touch, smell and taste are all aspects that make up aesthetic s. Land aesthetics deals with how human beings perceive value and appreciate their natural ecosystem (Budd 78). When it comes to nature environment, aesthetics comprises of both manmade and natural environments. Land aesthetics aims at correct planning and preservation of quality ecosystems both natural and manmade. Manmade environment include game parks and reserves, dams, green houses and even industries. While natural environment comprises of lakes, rivers, deserts, plains and mountains. Land ethics and aesthetics go hand in hand since they both aim at conservation and preservation of a quality environment for a better future (Callicott 78). Land aesthetic and the land conservation are the two principal subjects of evolutionary and ecological theory. Together they symbolize a consistent environmental axiology (Zimmerman 40). An ecosystem refers to the combination of weather, soil, water, air, plants and animals of a place that create a chain of dependency among these elements. In his book ââ¬Å"Sand County Almanacâ⬠, Aldo Leopold states that human beings should maintain the dependency chain in an ecosystem to avoid future calamities. This is achievable only when human communities change their mentality and begin perceiving land as part of the society. As the expansion of homes, industries, infrastructure and social amenities, progresses, it is critical to reduce the impacts they have on
Wednesday, February 5, 2020
Discussion Board Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
Discussion Board - Essay Example It causes not merely political corruption but leads to social disintegration as well. It turns the youth into rebels, causes bloodshed, enmity, and violence. It is in fact, an organized crime and operates through the underworld. Hence, people feel that legalizing drugs could perhaps improve the situation to some extent. In my opinion, no drugs should be given the legal status. The trafficking of illegal drug takes place as mentioned, through the underworld. It is exchanged through the land and sea transport between countries. An international law is necessary where all countries concerned get together to catch the players of this game. If drugs are legalized then the trade and its activities, the mode of operations cannot be classified a crime and no remedial action can be taken. At this point it must be noted that the trade can exist only if there you users. The drug users are the backbone of the business. This means to combat the business of drugs one has to start at the grass root level. Education has to be imparted at the school level. This education does not merely mean educating on the dangers of drugs. It should include, rather stress on the nexus between drugs business and the underworld crime. This is a mammoth task, which cannot be tackled by the government or law alone. It is a chronic problem in the society and the society as a whole has to handle it. Teachers, parents, school authorities, church, all have a role to play. It can be supported by legal recourse or punitive action if warnings are not adhered to. Feeding information, right and timely information to the children is very important. Keeping alarming news on drugs away from them or suppressing information can cause more harm than good. Today children want to be a part of all that happens. For instance, if any trafficking has been brought to light and the victims arrested, the children should be made aware of all the details and asked to reflect on the
Tuesday, January 28, 2020
Elijah The Prophet In The Bible Religion Essay
Elijah The Prophet In The Bible Religion Essay Faierstein, Morris. Why do the Scribes Say That Elijah Must Come First? Journal of Biblical Literature. 100.1 (1981), pp. 75-86. Print. This resource would be vital for research as it looks at the controversy surrounding Elijahs accession to heaven and its meaning. It provides a different approach to the understanding of some of the most vital events surrounding Elijahs life. Penninger, Harold. Walking with God. New York: TEACH Services, Inc., 1996. Print. Elijahs story is well explored by the author of this book; Harold Penninger. Although the author discusses in depth the experiences of some of the icons in the Bible who, as the author puts it followed in the Gods footsteps, the Elijahs story is well explored in two parts; Part I and Part II giving the reader a vivid insight into his life and works (Penninger 51). The author stirs interest into this story by quoting important events both in the Old Testament and in the New Testament which would trigger any serious bible student to look into the life of Elijah. First, he quotes that he appeared in the New Testament during the transfiguration of Jesus, and secondly, Elijah is among the few people in the bible who were taken from this world before seeing death. Among other events surrounding Elijahs death, the writer looks into all including his miracles, his fight with King Ahab and the rise of Baal. Of the controversial aspects about Elijah, the writer points out the view of the bible students who view him as a prototype of john the Baptist. The description the bible gives regarding Elijah fits almost the same as the description given for John the baptism (Penninger 57). Part II of the Elijahs story gives mainly the encounters of Elijah and the Baal prophets and King Ahab. This book would be quite useful for anyone doing research work as it not only explores Elijahs life, but it is also provides a critical review raising important insights which might be useful for deeper understanding. Wood, Norman. Bible Characters for Your Weekly Bible Study. Virginia: Weekly Bible Study Resources. 2010. Web. This is a Christian website intended to help readers of the bible in bible study. It does not give an overview of Elijahs life or work but is rather specific to some aspects of his life. Although based on the bibles scriptures, this source gives wide information regarding Elijah and Elisha and some of the details from the historical books not necessarily included in the bible. It also explores other aspects of the Israel culture as mentioned in other scriptures which would be very beneficial for any reader seeking to understand the bible well (Wood à ¶ 21). For instance, Elisha asked for a double portion from Elijah as he was about to depart to heaven. This was according to the Israel traditions where the father gave the first born son double share of his possessions since he was supposed to be the successor as mentioned and elaborated earlier in Deuteronomy. This website reveals much about Elijahs relationship with Elisha and the events surrounding the succession of Elijahs work. The fact that this source mentions and quotes materials from other sources and other writers including published papers and journals like Christian Science Sentinel and Christian Science Journal makes it an ideal material for anyone doing research project on the topic (Wood à ¶ 21). It does not focus on merely exploring Elijahs work and life, but seeks to bring out the best understanding of Elijah as a person and as a prophet clearly interpreting all the mysteries and events surrounding his work. Elisha, being his successor is also mentioned and their interaction detailed clearly. The reader is not only gains explanations, but is also allowed to think, consider and challenged to reconsider his/her stand and understanding.
Monday, January 20, 2020
Rap Vs Poetry Essay example -- essays research papers
"When I first started rapping, me and a couple brothers would all sit around my place freestyling while someone beat boxed. I even used to tell all the girls that I was a poet. They seemed to find it a little more touching than a rapper" (Prince Paul, The Source 16) The lyrics of rappers are very similar to the words of Black poets. It is argued as to wether or not rap is a viable form of poetry. Both discuss similar subjects, write in the same style and use the same type of language in their writings. When looking at a poem or reading rap lyrics, distinguishing between the two can be difficult, if not impossible.Both Black rappers and Black poets write about the same subjects. For example the rap group NWA, and the poet Alice Walker, both cover the topic of being from a minority race. Alice Walker states in one of her poems that "there is no planet stranger than the one im from" (Walker, "Note Passed To Superman" 18-19). What Alice is saying is that the world is strange because people judge others by their skin color. The approach NWA takes is a more presumptuous one. In the song "Fuck Tha Police", NWA says " Young nigga got it bad cuz im brown / And not the other color so police think / They have the authority to kill a minority" (NWA "Fuck Tha Police" 3-5). Another common subect between Black poets and rappers is "ghetto life". Nikki Giovani's poem called "For Saundra" is about how she is going to write a poem about trees and blue skies. Then she realized that she was living in a "concrete jungle". i wanted to write / a poem / that rhymes / but revolution doesnt lend / itself to bebopping / then my neighbor / who thinks i hate / asked -do u ever write / tree poems- i like trees / so i thought / i'll write a beautiful geen tree poem / peeked from my window / to check the image / noticed the school yard was covered / with asphalt / no green - no trees grow / in Manhattan / then, well, i thought the sky / ill do a big blue sky poem / but all the clouds have winged / low since no-Dick was elected / so i thought again / and it occurred to me / maybe i shouldn't write / at all / but clean my gun / and check my kerosene supply (Giovanni "For Saundra")What all this is about is simply the reality of the urban ghettos. Gangstarr als... ...;. To all my brothers in the streets / I know u feel you have to hustle cause your peeps gotta eat / Makin moves right and exact; don't wanna see you layin' flat / Don't wanna see ya catch a bullet black / If we don't build we'll be destroyed / Thats a challenge we face in the race of poor and unemployed (Gangstarr "In Memory Of")This song by Gangstarr is about life on the streets and what one must do to survive on the streets. The messages found in theses rap songs and poems are important messages that must be listened to. They speak about what is happening in society and what we have to do to change it or in some cases stop it. In conclusion, the lyrics of rappers are very comparable to the spoken words of Black poets. There can be comparisons made in the style of writing, the subjects, language and the messages behind the writings. All of these similarities make rap a viable form of poetry that is enjoyed and understood by young people in today's society. Today's teenagers, in many cases, would, not read poetry and comprehend the message, but, they would listen to rap and be able to understand the idea the artist is trying to get across.
Sunday, January 12, 2020
Anna Freud
Anna Freud (3 December 1895 ââ¬â 9 October 1982) was the sixth and last child of Sigmund and Martha Freud. Born in Vienna, she followed the path of her father and contributed to the newly born field of psychoanalysis. Alongside Melanie Klein, she may be considered the founder of psychoanalytic child psychology: as her father put it, child analysis ââ¬Ëhad received a powerful impetus through ââ¬Å"the work of Frau Melanie Klein and of my daughter, Anna Freudâ⬠ââ¬Ë.Compared to her father, her work emphasized the importance of the ego and its ability to be trained socially. The Vienna years Anna Freud appears to have had a comparatively unhappy childhood, in which she ââ¬Ënever made a close or pleasureable relationship with her mother, and was really nurtured by their Catholic nurse Josephine'. She had difficulties getting along with her siblings, specifically with her sister Sophie Freud (as well as troubles with her cousin Sonja Trierweiler, a ââ¬Å"bad influenceâ ⬠on her).Her sister, Sophie, who was the more attractive child, represented a threat in the struggle for the affection of their father: ââ¬Ëthe two young Freuds developed their version of a common sisterly division of territories: ââ¬Å"beautyâ⬠and ââ¬Å"brainsâ⬠ââ¬Ë, and their father once spoke of her ââ¬Ëage-old jealousy of Sophie'. As well as this rivalry between the two sisters, Anna had other difficulties growing up ââ¬â ââ¬Ëa somewhat troubled youngster who complained to her father in candid letters how all sorts of unreasonable thoughts and feelings plagued her'. It seems that ââ¬Ëin general, she was relentlessly competitive with her siblingsâ⬠¦ nd was repeatedly sent to health farms for thorough rest, salutary walks, and some extra pounds to fill out her all too slender shape': she may have suffered from a depression which caused eating disorders. The relationship between Anna and her father was different from the rest of her family; they were very close. She was a lively child with a reputation for mischief. Freud wrote to his friend Wilhelm Fliess in 1899: ââ¬ËAnna has become downright beautiful through naughtiness'. Freud is said to refer to her in his diaries more than others in the family.Later on Anna Freud would say that she didnââ¬â¢t learn much in school; instead she learned from her father and his guests at home. This was how she picked up Hebrew, German, English, French and Italian. At the age of 15, she started reading her fatherââ¬â¢s work: a dream she had ââ¬Ëat the age of nineteen monthsâ⬠¦ [appeared in] The Interpretation of Dreams, and commentators have noted how ââ¬Ëin the dream of little Annaâ⬠¦ little Anna only hallucinates forbidden objects'. Anna finished her education at the Cottage Lyceum in Vienna in 1912. Suffering from a depression, she was very insecure about what to do in the future.Subsequently, she went to Italy to stay with her grandmother, and there is evid ence that ââ¬ËIn 1914 she travelled alone to England to improve her English', but was forced to leave shortly after arriving because war was declared. In 1914 she passed the test to be a trainee at her old school, the Cottage Lyceum. From 1915 to 1917, she was a trainee, and then a teacher from 1917 to 1920. She finally quit her teaching career because of tuberculosis. In 1918, her father started psychoanalysis on her and she became seriously involved with this new profession.Her analysis was completed in 1922 and thereupon she presented the paper ââ¬Å"The Relation of Beating Fantasies to a Daydreamâ⬠to the Vienna Psychoanalytical Society, subsequently becoming a member. In 1923, Freud began her own psychoanalytical practice with children and two years later she was teaching at the Vienna Psychoanalytic Training Institute on the technique of child analysis. From 1925 until 1934, she was the Secretary of the International Psychoanalytical Association while she continued ch ild analysis and seminars and conferences on the subject.In 1935, Freud became director of the Vienna Psychoanalytical Training Institute and in the following year she published her influential study of the ââ¬Å"ways and means by which the ego wards off displeasure and anxietyâ⬠, The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence. It became a founding work of ego psychology and established Freudââ¬â¢s reputation as a pioneering theoretician. In 1938 the Freuds had to flee from Austria as a consequence of the Nazis' intensifying harassment of Jews in Vienna following the Anschluss by Germany. Her father's health had deteriorated severely due to jaw cancer, so she had to organize the family's emigration to London.Here she continued her work and took care of her father, who finally died in the autumn of 1939. When Anna arrived in London, a conflict came to a head between her and Melanie Klein regarding developmental theories of children, culminating in the Controversial discussions. The w ar gave Freud opportunity to observe the effect of deprivation of parental care on children. She set up a centre for young war victims, called ââ¬Å"The Hampstead War Nurseryâ⬠. Here the children got foster care although mothers were encouraged to visit as often as possible.The underlying idea was to give children the opportunity to form attachments by providing continuity of relationships. This was continued, after the war, at the Bulldogs Bank Home, which was an orphanage, run by colleagues of Freud, that took care of children who survived concentration camps. Based on these observations Anna published a series of studies with her longtime friend, Dorothy Burlingham-Tiffany on the impact of stress on children and the ability to find substitute affections among peers when parents cannot give them. In 1947, Freud and Kate Friedlaender established the Hampstead Child Therapy Courses.Five years later, a children's clinic was added. Here they worked with Freud's theory of thedeve lopmental lines. Furthermore Freud started lecturing on child psychology: Siegfried Bernfeld and August Aichorn, who both had practical experience of dealing with children, were among her mentors in this. From the 1950s until the end of her life Freud travelled regularly to the United States to lecture, to teach and to visit friends. During the 1970s she was concerned with the problems of emotionally deprived and socially disadvantaged children, and she studied deviations and delays in development.At Yale Law School, she taught seminars on crime and the family: this led to a transatlantic collaboration with Joseph Goldstein and Albert Solnit on children and the law, published as Beyond the Best Interests of the Child (1973). Freud died in London on 9 October 1982. She was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium and her ashes placed in a marble shelf next to her parents' ancient Greek funeral urn. Her lifelong friend Dorothy Burlingham and several other members of the Freud family also rest there.One year after Freud's death a publication of her collected works appeared. She was mentioned as ââ¬Å"a passionate and inspirational teacherâ⬠and in 1984 the Hampstead Clinic was renamed the Anna Freud Centre. Furthermore her home in London for forty years was in 1986, as she had wished, transformed into the Freud Museum, dedicated to her father and the psychoanalytical society. Major contributions to psychoanalysis Anna Freud's first article, ââ¬Ëon beating fantasies, drew in part on her own inner life, but th[at]â⬠¦ made her contribution no less scientific'.In it she explained how ââ¬ËDaydreaming, which consciously may be designed to suppress masturbation, is mainly unconsciously an elaboration of the original masturbatory fantasies'. Freud had earlier covered very similar ground in ââ¬Ëâ⬠A Child is Being Beatenâ⬠ââ¬Ë ââ¬â ââ¬Ëthey both used material from her analysis as clinical illustration in their sometimes complementary pap ers' ââ¬â in which he highlighted a female case where ââ¬Ëan elaborate superstructure of day-dreams, which was of great significance for the life of the person concerned, had grown up over the masochistic beating-phantasyâ⬠¦ one] which almost rose to the level of a work of art'. ââ¬ËHer views on child development, which she expounded in 1927 in her first book, An Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis, clashed with those of Melanie Kleinâ⬠¦ [who] was departing from the developmental schedule that Freud, and his analyst daughter, found most plausible'. In particular, Anna Freud's belief that ââ¬ËIn children's analysis, the transference plays a different roleâ⬠¦ and the analyst not only ââ¬Å"represents motherâ⬠but is still an original second mother in the life of the child' became something of an orthodoxy over much of the psychoanalytic world.For her next major work in 1936, her ââ¬Ëclassic monograph on ego psychology and defense mechanism s, Anna Freud drew on her own clinical experience, but relied on her father's writings as the principal and authoritative source of her theoretical insights'. Here her ââ¬Ëcataloguing of regression, repression, reaction formation, isolation, undoing, projection, introjection, turning against the self, reversal and sublimation' helped establish the importance of the ego functions and the concept of defense mechanisms, continuing the greater emphasis on the ego of her father ââ¬â ââ¬ËWe should like to learn more about the ego' ââ¬â during his final decades.Special attention was paid in it to later childhood and adolescent developments ââ¬â ââ¬ËI have always been more attracted to the latency period than the pre-Oedipal phases' ââ¬â emphasising how the ââ¬Ëincreased intellectual, scientific, and philosophical interests of this period represent attempts at mastering the drives'. The problem posed by physiological maturation has been stated forcefully by Anna Freud. ââ¬Å"Aggressive impulses are intensified to the point of complete unruliness, hunger becomes voracityâ⬠¦ The reaction-formations, which seemed to be firmly established in the structure of the ego, threaten to fall to piecesâ⬠.Selma Fraiberg's tribute of 1959 that ââ¬ËThe writings of Anna Freud on ego psychology and her studies in early child development have illuminated the world of childhood for workers in the most varied professions and have been for me my introduction and most valuable guide spoke at that time for most of psychoanalysis outside the Kleinian heartland. Arguably, however, it was in Anna Freud's London years ââ¬Ëthat she wrote her most distinguished psychoanalytic papers ââ¬â including ââ¬Å"About Losing and Being Lostâ⬠, which everyone should read regardless of their interest in psychoanalysis'.Her description therein of ââ¬Ësimultaneous urges to remain loyal to the dead and to turn towards new ties with the living' may perhaps reflect her own mourning process after her father's recent death. Focusing thereafter on research, observation and treatment of children, Anna Freud established a group of prominent child developmental analysts (which included Erik Erikson, Edith Jacobson and Margaret Mahler) who noticed that children's symptoms were ultimately analogue to personality disorders among adults and thus often related to developmental stages.Her book Normality and Pathology in Childhood (1965) summarised ââ¬Ëthe use of developmental lines charting theoretical normal growth ââ¬Å"from dependency to emotional self-relianceâ⬠ââ¬Ë. Through these then revolutionary ideas Anna provided us with a comprehensive developmental theory and the concept of developmental lines, which combined her father's important drive model with more recent object relations theories emphasizing the importance of parents in child development processes.Nevertheless her basic loyalty to her father's work remained unimpaired , and it might indeed be said that ââ¬Ëshe devoted her life to protecting her father's legacyâ⬠¦ In her theoretical work there would be little criticism of him, and she would make what is still the finest contribution to the psychoanalytic understanding of passivity', or what she termed ââ¬Ëaltruistic surrenderâ⬠¦ excessive concern and anxiety for the lives of his love objects'. Jacques Lacan called ââ¬ËAnna Freud the plumb line of psychoanalysis. Well, the plumb line doesn't make a buildingâ⬠¦ but] it allows us to gauge the vertical of certain problems'; and by preserving so much of Freud's legacy and standards she may indeed have served as something of a living yardstick. With psychoanalysis continuing to move away from classical Freudianism to other concerns, it may still be salutary to heed Anna Freud's warning about the potential loss of her father's 'emphasis on conflict within the individual person, the aims, ideas and ideals battling with the drives to k eep the individual within a civilized community. It has become modern to water this down to every individual's longing for perfect unity with his motherâ⬠¦There is an enormous amount that gets lost this way'. About essential personal qualities in psychoanalysts ââ¬Å"Dear John â⬠¦ , You asked me what I consider essential personal qualities in a future psychoanalyst. The answer is comparatively simple. If you want to be a real psychoanalyst you have to have a great love of the truth, scientific truth as well as personal truth, and you have to place this appreciation of truth higher than any discomfort at meeting unpleasant facts, whether they belong to the world outside or to your own inner person.Further, I think that a psychoanalyst should haveâ⬠¦ interestsâ⬠¦ beyond the limits of the medical fieldâ⬠¦ in facts that belong to sociology, religion, literature, [and] history,â⬠¦ [otherwise] his outlook onâ⬠¦ his patient will remain too narrow. This point co ntainsâ⬠¦ the necessary preparations beyond the requirements made on candidates of psychoanalysis in the institutes. You ought to be a great reader and become acquainted with the literature of many countries and cultures.In the great literary figures you will find people who know at least as much of human nature as the psychiatrists and psychologists try to do. Does that answer your question? â⬠In perhaps not dissimilar vein, she wrote in 1954 that ââ¬ËWith due respect for the necessary strictest handling and interpretation of the transference, I feel still that we should leave room somewhere for the realization that analyst and patient are also two real people, of equal adult status, in a real personal relationship to each other. Anna Freud Anna Freud (3 December 1895 ââ¬â 9 October 1982) was the sixth and last child of Sigmund and Martha Freud. Born in Vienna, she followed the path of her father and contributed to the newly born field of psychoanalysis. Alongside Melanie Klein, she may be considered the founder of psychoanalytic child psychology: as her father put it, child analysis ââ¬Ëhad received a powerful impetus through ââ¬Å"the work of Frau Melanie Klein and of my daughter, Anna Freudâ⬠ââ¬Ë.Compared to her father, her work emphasized the importance of the ego and its ability to be trained socially. The Vienna years Anna Freud appears to have had a comparatively unhappy childhood, in which she ââ¬Ënever made a close or pleasureable relationship with her mother, and was really nurtured by their Catholic nurse Josephine'. She had difficulties getting along with her siblings, specifically with her sister Sophie Freud (as well as troubles with her cousin Sonja Trierweiler, a ââ¬Å"bad influenceâ ⬠on her).Her sister, Sophie, who was the more attractive child, represented a threat in the struggle for the affection of their father: ââ¬Ëthe two young Freuds developed their version of a common sisterly division of territories: ââ¬Å"beautyâ⬠and ââ¬Å"brainsâ⬠ââ¬Ë, and their father once spoke of her ââ¬Ëage-old jealousy of Sophie'. As well as this rivalry between the two sisters, Anna had other difficulties growing up ââ¬â ââ¬Ëa somewhat troubled youngster who complained to her father in candid letters how all sorts of unreasonable thoughts and feelings plagued her'. It seems that ââ¬Ëin general, she was relentlessly competitive with her siblingsâ⬠¦ nd was repeatedly sent to health farms for thorough rest, salutary walks, and some extra pounds to fill out her all too slender shape': she may have suffered from a depression which caused eating disorders. The relationship between Anna and her father was different from the rest of her family; they were very close. She was a lively child with a reputation for mischief. Freud wrote to his friend Wilhelm Fliess in 1899: ââ¬ËAnna has become downright beautiful through naughtiness'. Freud is said to refer to her in his diaries more than others in the family.Later on Anna Freud would say that she didnââ¬â¢t learn much in school; instead she learned from her father and his guests at home. This was how she picked up Hebrew, German, English, French and Italian. At the age of 15, she started reading her fatherââ¬â¢s work: a dream she had ââ¬Ëat the age of nineteen monthsâ⬠¦ [appeared in] The Interpretation of Dreams, and commentators have noted how ââ¬Ëin the dream of little Annaâ⬠¦ little Anna only hallucinates forbidden objects'. Anna finished her education at the Cottage Lyceum in Vienna in 1912. Suffering from a depression, she was very insecure about what to do in the future.Subsequently, she went to Italy to stay with her grandmother, and there is evid ence that ââ¬ËIn 1914 she travelled alone to England to improve her English', but was forced to leave shortly after arriving because war was declared. In 1914 she passed the test to be a trainee at her old school, the Cottage Lyceum. From 1915 to 1917, she was a trainee, and then a teacher from 1917 to 1920. She finally quit her teaching career because of tuberculosis. In 1918, her father started psychoanalysis on her and she became seriously involved with this new profession.Her analysis was completed in 1922 and thereupon she presented the paper ââ¬Å"The Relation of Beating Fantasies to a Daydreamâ⬠to the Vienna Psychoanalytical Society, subsequently becoming a member. In 1923, Freud began her own psychoanalytical practice with children and two years later she was teaching at the Vienna Psychoanalytic Training Institute on the technique of child analysis. From 1925 until 1934, she was the Secretary of the International Psychoanalytical Association while she continued ch ild analysis and seminars and conferences on the subject.In 1935, Freud became director of the Vienna Psychoanalytical Training Institute and in the following year she published her influential study of the ââ¬Å"ways and means by which the ego wards off displeasure and anxietyâ⬠, The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence. It became a founding work of ego psychology and established Freudââ¬â¢s reputation as a pioneering theoretician. In 1938 the Freuds had to flee from Austria as a consequence of the Nazis' intensifying harassment of Jews in Vienna following the Anschluss by Germany. Her father's health had deteriorated severely due to jaw cancer, so she had to organize the family's emigration to London.Here she continued her work and took care of her father, who finally died in the autumn of 1939. When Anna arrived in London, a conflict came to a head between her and Melanie Klein regarding developmental theories of children, culminating in the Controversial discussions. The w ar gave Freud opportunity to observe the effect of deprivation of parental care on children. She set up a centre for young war victims, called ââ¬Å"The Hampstead War Nurseryâ⬠. Here the children got foster care although mothers were encouraged to visit as often as possible.The underlying idea was to give children the opportunity to form attachments by providing continuity of relationships. This was continued, after the war, at the Bulldogs Bank Home, which was an orphanage, run by colleagues of Freud, that took care of children who survived concentration camps. Based on these observations Anna published a series of studies with her longtime friend, Dorothy Burlingham-Tiffany on the impact of stress on children and the ability to find substitute affections among peers when parents cannot give them. In 1947, Freud and Kate Friedlaender established the Hampstead Child Therapy Courses.Five years later, a children's clinic was added. Here they worked with Freud's theory of thedeve lopmental lines. Furthermore Freud started lecturing on child psychology: Siegfried Bernfeld and August Aichorn, who both had practical experience of dealing with children, were among her mentors in this. From the 1950s until the end of her life Freud travelled regularly to the United States to lecture, to teach and to visit friends. During the 1970s she was concerned with the problems of emotionally deprived and socially disadvantaged children, and she studied deviations and delays in development.At Yale Law School, she taught seminars on crime and the family: this led to a transatlantic collaboration with Joseph Goldstein and Albert Solnit on children and the law, published as Beyond the Best Interests of the Child (1973). Freud died in London on 9 October 1982. She was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium and her ashes placed in a marble shelf next to her parents' ancient Greek funeral urn. Her lifelong friend Dorothy Burlingham and several other members of the Freud family also rest there.One year after Freud's death a publication of her collected works appeared. She was mentioned as ââ¬Å"a passionate and inspirational teacherâ⬠and in 1984 the Hampstead Clinic was renamed the Anna Freud Centre. Furthermore her home in London for forty years was in 1986, as she had wished, transformed into the Freud Museum, dedicated to her father and the psychoanalytical society. Major contributions to psychoanalysis Anna Freud's first article, ââ¬Ëon beating fantasies, drew in part on her own inner life, but th[at]â⬠¦ made her contribution no less scientific'.In it she explained how ââ¬ËDaydreaming, which consciously may be designed to suppress masturbation, is mainly unconsciously an elaboration of the original masturbatory fantasies'. Freud had earlier covered very similar ground in ââ¬Ëâ⬠A Child is Being Beatenâ⬠ââ¬Ë ââ¬â ââ¬Ëthey both used material from her analysis as clinical illustration in their sometimes complementary pap ers' ââ¬â in which he highlighted a female case where ââ¬Ëan elaborate superstructure of day-dreams, which was of great significance for the life of the person concerned, had grown up over the masochistic beating-phantasyâ⬠¦ one] which almost rose to the level of a work of art'. ââ¬ËHer views on child development, which she expounded in 1927 in her first book, An Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis, clashed with those of Melanie Kleinâ⬠¦ [who] was departing from the developmental schedule that Freud, and his analyst daughter, found most plausible'. In particular, Anna Freud's belief that ââ¬ËIn children's analysis, the transference plays a different roleâ⬠¦ and the analyst not only ââ¬Å"represents motherâ⬠but is still an original second mother in the life of the child' became something of an orthodoxy over much of the psychoanalytic world.For her next major work in 1936, her ââ¬Ëclassic monograph on ego psychology and defense mechanism s, Anna Freud drew on her own clinical experience, but relied on her father's writings as the principal and authoritative source of her theoretical insights'. Here her ââ¬Ëcataloguing of regression, repression, reaction formation, isolation, undoing, projection, introjection, turning against the self, reversal and sublimation' helped establish the importance of the ego functions and the concept of defense mechanisms, continuing the greater emphasis on the ego of her father ââ¬â ââ¬ËWe should like to learn more about the ego' ââ¬â during his final decades.Special attention was paid in it to later childhood and adolescent developments ââ¬â ââ¬ËI have always been more attracted to the latency period than the pre-Oedipal phases' ââ¬â emphasising how the ââ¬Ëincreased intellectual, scientific, and philosophical interests of this period represent attempts at mastering the drives'. The problem posed by physiological maturation has been stated forcefully by Anna Freud. ââ¬Å"Aggressive impulses are intensified to the point of complete unruliness, hunger becomes voracityâ⬠¦ The reaction-formations, which seemed to be firmly established in the structure of the ego, threaten to fall to piecesâ⬠.Selma Fraiberg's tribute of 1959 that ââ¬ËThe writings of Anna Freud on ego psychology and her studies in early child development have illuminated the world of childhood for workers in the most varied professions and have been for me my introduction and most valuable guide spoke at that time for most of psychoanalysis outside the Kleinian heartland. Arguably, however, it was in Anna Freud's London years ââ¬Ëthat she wrote her most distinguished psychoanalytic papers ââ¬â including ââ¬Å"About Losing and Being Lostâ⬠, which everyone should read regardless of their interest in psychoanalysis'.Her description therein of ââ¬Ësimultaneous urges to remain loyal to the dead and to turn towards new ties with the living' may perhaps reflect her own mourning process after her father's recent death. Focusing thereafter on research, observation and treatment of children, Anna Freud established a group of prominent child developmental analysts (which included Erik Erikson, Edith Jacobson and Margaret Mahler) who noticed that children's symptoms were ultimately analogue to personality disorders among adults and thus often related to developmental stages.Her book Normality and Pathology in Childhood (1965) summarised ââ¬Ëthe use of developmental lines charting theoretical normal growth ââ¬Å"from dependency to emotional self-relianceâ⬠ââ¬Ë. Through these then revolutionary ideas Anna provided us with a comprehensive developmental theory and the concept of developmental lines, which combined her father's important drive model with more recent object relations theories emphasizing the importance of parents in child development processes.Nevertheless her basic loyalty to her father's work remained unimpaired , and it might indeed be said that ââ¬Ëshe devoted her life to protecting her father's legacyâ⬠¦ In her theoretical work there would be little criticism of him, and she would make what is still the finest contribution to the psychoanalytic understanding of passivity', or what she termed ââ¬Ëaltruistic surrenderâ⬠¦ excessive concern and anxiety for the lives of his love objects'. Jacques Lacan called ââ¬ËAnna Freud the plumb line of psychoanalysis. Well, the plumb line doesn't make a buildingâ⬠¦ but] it allows us to gauge the vertical of certain problems'; and by preserving so much of Freud's legacy and standards she may indeed have served as something of a living yardstick. With psychoanalysis continuing to move away from classical Freudianism to other concerns, it may still be salutary to heed Anna Freud's warning about the potential loss of her father's 'emphasis on conflict within the individual person, the aims, ideas and ideals battling with the drives to k eep the individual within a civilized community. It has become modern to water this down to every individual's longing for perfect unity with his motherâ⬠¦There is an enormous amount that gets lost this way'. About essential personal qualities in psychoanalysts ââ¬Å"Dear John â⬠¦ , You asked me what I consider essential personal qualities in a future psychoanalyst. The answer is comparatively simple. If you want to be a real psychoanalyst you have to have a great love of the truth, scientific truth as well as personal truth, and you have to place this appreciation of truth higher than any discomfort at meeting unpleasant facts, whether they belong to the world outside or to your own inner person.Further, I think that a psychoanalyst should haveâ⬠¦ interestsâ⬠¦ beyond the limits of the medical fieldâ⬠¦ in facts that belong to sociology, religion, literature, [and] history,â⬠¦ [otherwise] his outlook onâ⬠¦ his patient will remain too narrow. This point co ntainsâ⬠¦ the necessary preparations beyond the requirements made on candidates of psychoanalysis in the institutes. You ought to be a great reader and become acquainted with the literature of many countries and cultures.In the great literary figures you will find people who know at least as much of human nature as the psychiatrists and psychologists try to do. Does that answer your question? â⬠In perhaps not dissimilar vein, she wrote in 1954 that ââ¬ËWith due respect for the necessary strictest handling and interpretation of the transference, I feel still that we should leave room somewhere for the realization that analyst and patient are also two real people, of equal adult status, in a real personal relationship to each other.
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